Encontrei a solução, aparentemente esqueci de anexar o dispositivo de cache assim:
echo UUID > /sys/block/bcache1/bcache/attach
Agora seu cache é bom:
pavs@VAS:/home/pavs$ tail /sys/block/bcache1/bcache/stats_total/*
==> /sys/block/bcache1/bcache/stats_total/bypassed <==
106M
==> /sys/block/bcache1/bcache/stats_total/cache_bypass_hits <==
1624
==> /sys/block/bcache1/bcache/stats_total/cache_bypass_misses <==
0
==> /sys/block/bcache1/bcache/stats_total/cache_hit_ratio <==
0
==> /sys/block/bcache1/bcache/stats_total/cache_hits <==
0
==> /sys/block/bcache1/bcache/stats_total/cache_miss_collisions <==
0
==> /sys/block/bcache1/bcache/stats_total/cache_misses <==
345
==> /sys/block/bcache1/bcache/stats_total/cache_readaheads <==
0