OK, eu consertei. O truque era reinstalar o libc-bin, e então o APT reconfiguraria automaticamente esses pacotes, e tudo ficaria bem.
Tentei atualizar para o novo kernel hoje, mas o DPKG configurou parcialmente os pacotes. Aqui está o que APT disse:
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Preparing to unpack .../linux-image-4.2.0-41-generic_4.2.0-41.48~14.04.1_amd64.deb ...
Done.
Unpacking linux-image-4.2.0-41-generic (4.2.0-41.48~14.04.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package linux-image-extra-4.2.0-41-generic.
Preparing to unpack .../linux-image-extra-4.2.0-41-generic_4.2.0-41.48~14.04.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-image-extra-4.2.0-41-generic (4.2.0-41.48~14.04.1) ...
Preparing to unpack .../linux-generic-lts-wily_4.2.0.41.33_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-generic-lts-wily (4.2.0.41.33) over (4.2.0.38.31) ...
Preparing to unpack .../linux-image-generic-lts-wily_4.2.0.41.33_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-image-generic-lts-wily (4.2.0.41.33) over (4.2.0.38.31) ...
Selecting previously unselected package linux-headers-4.2.0-41.
Preparing to unpack .../linux-headers-4.2.0-41_4.2.0-41.48~14.04.1_all.deb ...
Unpacking linux-headers-4.2.0-41 (4.2.0-41.48~14.04.1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package linux-headers-4.2.0-41-generic.
Preparing to unpack .../linux-headers-4.2.0-41-generic_4.2.0-41.48~14.04.1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-headers-4.2.0-41-generic (4.2.0-41.48~14.04.1) ...
Preparing to unpack .../linux-headers-generic-lts-wily_4.2.0.41.33_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-headers-generic-lts-wily (4.2.0.41.33) over (4.2.0.38.31) ...
Preparing to unpack .../linux-libc-dev_3.13.0-91.138_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking linux-libc-dev:amd64 (3.13.0-91.138) over (3.13.0-88.135) ...
Processing triggers for hicolor-icon-theme (0.13-1) ...
Processing triggers for libglib2.0-0:i386 (2.40.2-0ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for libglib2.0-0:amd64 (2.40.2-0ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for gnome-menus (3.10.1-0ubuntu2) ...
Processing triggers for desktop-file-utils (0.22-1ubuntu1) ...
Processing triggers for bamfdaemon (0.5.1+14.04.20140409-0ubuntu1) ...
Rebuilding /usr/share/applications/bamf-2.index...
Processing triggers for mime-support (3.54ubuntu1.1) ...
Setting up linux-image-4.2.0-41-generic (4.2.0-41.48~14.04.1) ...
Running depmod.
update-initramfs: deferring update (hook will be called later)
Examining /etc/kernel/postinst.d.
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/apt-auto-removal 4.2.0-41-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-41-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/dkms 4.2.0-41-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-41-generic
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools 4.2.0-41-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-41-generic
update-initramfs: Generating /boot/initrd.img-4.2.0-41-generic
WARNING: no ldd around - install libc-bin
update-initramfs: failed for /boot/initrd.img-4.2.0-41-generic with 1.
run-parts: /etc/kernel/postinst.d/initramfs-tools exited with return code 1
Failed to process /etc/kernel/postinst.d at /var/lib/dpkg/info/linux-image-4.2.0-41-generic.postinst line 1025.
dpkg: error processing package linux-image-4.2.0-41-generic (--configure):
subprocess installed post-installation script returned error exit status 2
Setting up geary (0.11.1~trusty1) ...
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of linux-image-extra-4.2.0-41-generic:
linux-image-extra-4.2.0-41-generic depends on linux-image-4.2.0-41-generic; however:
Package linux-image-4.2.0-41-generic is not configured yet.
dpkg: error processing package linux-image-extra-4.2.0-41-generic (--configure):
dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of linux-image-generic-lts-wily:
linux-image-generic-lts-wily depends on linux-image-4.2.0-41-generic; however:
Package linux-image-4.2.0-41-generic is not configured yet.
linux-image-generic-lts-wily depends on linux-image-extra-4.2.0-41-generic; however:
Package linux-image-extra-4.2.0-41-generic is not configured yet.
dpkg: error processing package linux-image-generic-lts-wily (--configure):
dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
Setting up linux-headers-4.2.0-41 (4.2.0-41.48~14.04.1) ...
Setting up linux-headers-4.2.0-41-generic (4.2.0-41.48~14.04.1) ...
Examining /etc/kernel/header_postinst.d.
run-parts: executing /etc/kernel/header_postinst.d/dkms 4.2.0-41-generic /boot/vmlinuz-4.2.0-41-generic
Setting up linux-headers-generic-lts-wily (4.2.0.41.33) ...
dpkg: dependency problems prevent configuration of linux-generic-lts-wily:
linux-generic-lts-wily depends on linux-image-generic-lts-wily (= 4.2.0.41.33); however:
Package linux-image-generic-lts-wily is not configured yet.
dpkg: error processing package linux-generic-lts-wily (--configure):
dependency problems - leaving unconfigured
Setting up linux-libc-dev:amd64 (3.13.0-91.138) ...
OK, eu consertei. O truque era reinstalar o libc-bin, e então o APT reconfiguraria automaticamente esses pacotes, e tudo ficaria bem.