Você pode fazer um
sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
e tente novamente. Estou executando o Windows 10 Education e posso simplesmente instalar avrdude
sem qualquer problema pelo repositório.
Aqui está minha saída
user@USER-ROG502VS:/mnt/c/Program Files/MongoDB/Server/3.6/bin$ sudo apt install avrdude
[sudo] password for kasun:
Reading package lists... Done
Building dependency tree
Reading state information... Done
The following package was automatically installed and is no longer required:
libfreetype6
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove it.
The following additional packages will be installed:
libftdi1
Suggested packages:
avrdude-doc
The following NEW packages will be installed:
avrdude libftdi1
0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 76 not upgraded.
Need to get 306 kB of archives.
After this operation, 1,105 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue? [Y/n] y
Get:1 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/universe amd64 libftdi1 amd64 0.20-4build1 [15.2
kB]
Get:2 http://archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu xenial/universe amd64 avrdude amd64 6.2-5 [291 kB]
Fetched 306 kB in 20s (15.0 kB/s)
Selecting previously unselected package libftdi1:amd64.
(Reading database ... 25822 files and directories currently installed.)
Preparing to unpack .../libftdi1_0.20-4build1_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking libftdi1:amd64 (0.20-4build1) ...
Selecting previously unselected package avrdude.
Preparing to unpack .../avrdude_6.2-5_amd64.deb ...
Unpacking avrdude (6.2-5) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.23-0ubuntu9) ...
Processing triggers for man-db (2.7.5-1) ...
Setting up libftdi1:amd64 (0.20-4build1) ...
Setting up avrdude (6.2-5) ...
Processing triggers for libc-bin (2.23-0ubuntu9) ...
edit : Se você atualizou o Windows para a versão mais recente, verifique seu bash
no armazenamento do Windows, verifique se ele está funcionando corretamente; se não reinstalar, isso deve funcionar bem.