Instalando e executando boot-repair e certificando-se de que não há nenhum sinalizador "boot" (no gparted) corrigido. Tudo inicializa corretamente.
UPDATE NO BOTTOM
Minha partição do Ubuntu estava com pouco espaço livre, então decidi diminuir a partição do Windows para 190GiB de cerca de 400GiB. Depois de encolher, ainda havia cerca de metade dela que não era usada.
Após encolher (com o Gparted), a partição do Windows 10 (em / dev / sda4) do Gerenciador de Inicialização do Windows (em / dev / sda2) não funcionou. Eu também adicionei o sinalizador "boot".
Eu não tenho ideia do que está errado. Se alguma informação for necessária, responda como obter essa informação.
Acho que a partição do Windows foi efi antes do psiquiatra, mas não tenho certeza.
Arquivo BootInfo de boot-repair com as opções recomendadas:
Arquivo gparted_details :
GParted 0.25.0 --enable-libparted-dmraid --enable-online-resize
Libparted 3.2
Shrink /dev/sda4 from 393.45 GiB to 190.43 GiB 00:05:05 ( SUCCESS )
calibrate /dev/sda4 00:00:03 ( SUCCESS )
path: /dev/sda4 (partition)
start: 1900544
end: 827034367
size: 825133824 (393.45 GiB)
check file system on /dev/sda4 for errors and (if possible) fix them 00:00:33 ( SUCCESS )
ntfsresize -i -f -v /dev/sda4 00:00:33 ( SUCCESS )
ntfsresize v2015.3.14AR.1 (libntfs-3g)
Device name : /dev/sda4
NTFS volume version: 3.1
Cluster size : 4096 bytes
Current volume size: 422468514304 bytes (422469 MB)
Current device size: 422468517888 bytes (422469 MB)
Checking for bad sectors ...
Checking filesystem consistency ...
100.00 percent completed
Accounting clusters ...
Space in use : 100204 MB (23,7%)
Collecting resizing constraints ...
Estimating smallest shrunken size supported ...
File feature Last used at By inode
Multi-Record : 247041 MB 560736
$MFTMirr : 1 MB 1
Compressed : 251592 MB 526808
Sparse : 137684 MB 35
Ordinary : 251593 MB 25298
You might resize at 100203016192 bytes or 100204 MB (freeing 322265 MB).
Please make a test run using both the -n and -s options before real resizing!
shrink file system 00:04:18 ( SUCCESS )
run simulation 00:00:35 ( SUCCESS )
ntfsresize --force --force -s 204474417152 --no-action /dev/sda4 00:00:35 ( SUCCESS )
ntfsresize v2015.3.14AR.1 (libntfs-3g)
Device name : /dev/sda4
NTFS volume version: 3.1
Cluster size : 4096 bytes
Current volume size: 422468514304 bytes (422469 MB)
Current device size: 422468517888 bytes (422469 MB)
New volume size : 204474413568 bytes (204475 MB)
Checking filesystem consistency ...
100.00 percent completed
Accounting clusters ...
Space in use : 100204 MB (23,7%)
Collecting resizing constraints ...
Needed relocations : 1918076 (7857 MB)
Schedule chkdsk for NTFS consistency check at Windows boot time ...
Resetting $LogFile ... (this might take a while)
Relocating needed data ...
100.00 percent completed
Updating $BadClust file ...
Updating $Bitmap file ...
Updating Boot record ...
The read-only test run ended successfully.
real resize 00:03:43 ( SUCCESS )
ntfsresize --force --force -s 204474417152 /dev/sda4 00:03:43 ( SUCCESS )
ntfsresize v2015.3.14AR.1 (libntfs-3g)
Device name : /dev/sda4
NTFS volume version: 3.1
Cluster size : 4096 bytes
Current volume size: 422468514304 bytes (422469 MB)
Current device size: 422468517888 bytes (422469 MB)
New volume size : 204474413568 bytes (204475 MB)
Checking filesystem consistency ...
100.00 percent completed
Accounting clusters ...
Space in use : 100204 MB (23,7%)
Collecting resizing constraints ...
Needed relocations : 1918076 (7857 MB)
Schedule chkdsk for NTFS consistency check at Windows boot time ...
Resetting $LogFile ... (this might take a while)
Relocating needed data ...
100.00 percent completed
Updating $BadClust file ...
Updating $Bitmap file ...
Updating Boot record ...
Syncing device ...
Successfully resized NTFS on device '/dev/sda4'.
You can go on to shrink the device for example with Linux fdisk.
IMPORTANT: When recreating the partition, make sure that you
1) create it at the same disk sector (use sector as the unit!)
2) create it with the same partition type (usually 7, HPFS/NTFS)
3) do not make it smaller than the new NTFS filesystem size
4) set the bootable flag for the partition if it existed before
Otherwise you won't be able to access NTFS or can't boot from the disk!
If you make a mistake and don't have a partition table backup then you
can recover the partition table by TestDisk or Parted's rescue mode.
shrink partition from 393.45 GiB to 190.43 GiB 00:00:11 ( SUCCESS )
old start: 1900544
old end: 827034367
old size: 825133824 (393.45 GiB)
new start: 1900544
new end: 401264639
new size: 399364096 (190.43 GiB)
========================================
Saída de sudo mount /dev/sda2 :
mount: /dev/sda2 is already mounted or /boot/efi busy
/dev/sda2 is already mounted on /boot/efi
Saída de 'sudo mount / dev / sda4
mount: can't find /dev/sda4 in /etc/fstab
Saída de sudo parted -l :
Model: ATA HGST HTS545050A7 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 500GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B
Partition Table: gpt
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
1 1049kB 524MB 523MB ntfs Basic data partition hidden, diag
2 524MB 839MB 315MB fat32 EFI system partition boot, esp
3 839MB 973MB 134MB Microsoft reserved partition msftres
4 973MB 205GB 204GB ntfs Basic data partition boot, esp
8 423GB 472GB 48,6GB ext4
9 472GB 476GB 3847MB linux-swap(v1)
5 476GB 476GB 489MB ntfs hidden, diag
6 476GB 499GB 22,7GB ntfs Basic data partition hidden, diag
7 499GB 500GB 1074MB fat32 Basic data partition hidden, diag
ATUALIZAÇÃO:
Eu usei boot-repair (comentário de s1ns3nt) e o Gerenciador de Inicialização do Windows agora funciona, mas tentar inicializar o Windows 10 (do Gerenciador de Inicialização do Windows) me retorna ao grub! Minha ordem de inicialização é:
BootCurrent: 0001
Timeout: 1 seconds
BootOrder: 0001,0000,0002
Boot0000* Windows Boot Manager
Boot0001* ubuntu
Boot0002* ubuntu
Não sei ao certo o que é Boot0002* ubuntu . Eu também não tenho certeza do que a estrela (*) significa.
Instalando e executando boot-repair e certificando-se de que não há nenhum sinalizador "boot" (no gparted) corrigido. Tudo inicializa corretamente.