Eu também tive um problema parecido com o Ubuntu 16.04.4. No entanto, o Teamviewer começou a funcionar normalmente assim que eu verifiquei se nenhum processo estava sendo executado e reiniciei novamente. O Teamviewer diz que o 14.04 / LTS deve ser suportado com o Qt 5.2 no Ubuntu 14.04 / Debian 8 no momento. link
Talvez tente remover ou eliminar o Teamviewer 13 e instalar a partir do repositório estável? Pode ser que você tenha o preview do Teamviewer ativado, que pode ter pacotes incompatíveis com o Ubuntu 14.04.
A instalação do Teamviewer a partir do site de download de arquivos .deb no site da TV deve adicionar os repositórios para o Teamviewer em /etc/apt/sources.list.d/teamviewer.list
Atualmente, tenho:
### TeamViewer DEB repository list
### NOTE: Manual changes to this file
### - prevent it from being updated by TeamViewer package updates
### - will be lost after using the 'teamviewer repo' command
### The original file can be restored with this command:
### cp /opt/teamviewer/tv_bin/script/teamviewer.list /etc/apt/sources.list.d/teamviewer.list
### which has the same effect as 'teamviewer repo default'
### NOTE: It is preferred to use the following commands to edit this file:
### teamviewer repo - show current repository configuration
### teamviewer repo default - restore default configuration
### teamviewer repo disable - disable the repository
### teamviewer repo main [stable] - make all TeamViewer packages available (default)
### teamviewer repo tv13 [stable] - make TeamViewer 13 packages available
### stable omit preview and beta releases
### Choose stable main to receive updates for TeamViewer 13 and upcoming major releases
### Choose preview main to receive early updates for TeamViewer 13 and to receive major beta releases
### Choose stable tv13 to receive updates for TeamViewer 13
### Choose preview tv13 to receive early updates for TeamViewer 13
deb http://linux.teamviewer.com/deb stable main
#deb http://linux.teamviewer.com/deb preview main
# deb http://linux.teamviewer.com/deb stable tv13
# deb http://linux.teamviewer.com/deb preview tv13