O modo de transferência SuperSpeed requer um cabo USB 3.0 ou superior. Cabos anteriores ainda farão uma conexão em um ritmo mais lento.
Fonte 1: USB 3.0 - Wikipédia
The VBUS, D−, D+, and GND pins are required for USB 2.0 communication. The additional USB 3.0 pins are two differential pairs and one ground (GND_DRAIN). The two additional differential pairs are for SuperSpeed data transfer; they are used for full duplex SuperSpeed signaling.
Fonte 2: USB 3.0 Super Velocidades - USRobotics
USB 2.0 cables can be used with 3.0 ports but the transfer rate will fall back to 2.0
Fonte 3: Os cabos USB 3.0 são diferentes? - Respostas - UserBenchmark
Yes, to get USB 3.0 speeds, you need special USB 3.0 cables. Yes, USB 3.0 cables are different. Even though you can connect a USB 3.0 device via a USB 2.0 cable, in order to achieve full USB 3.0 speeds you need to re-wire any existing cabling. USB 3.0 cables are generally thicker because they have nine internal wires versus four on USB 2.0 cables.