A Wikipedia realmente tem uma riqueza surpreendente de informações aqui.
A real-time operating system (RTOS) is an operating system (OS) intended to serve real-time application requests.
A key characteristic of an RTOS is the level of its consistency concerning the amount of time it takes to accept and complete an application's task; the variability is jitter. A hard real-time operating system has less jitter than a soft real-time operating system. The chief design goal is not high throughput, but rather a guarantee of a soft or hard performance category. An RTOS that can usually or generally meet a deadline is a soft real-time OS, but if it can meet a deadline deterministically it is a hard real-time OS.
An RTOS has an advanced algorithm for scheduling. Scheduler flexibility enables a wider, computer-system orchestration of process priorities, but a real-time OS is more frequently dedicated to a narrow set of applications. Key factors in a real-time OS are minimal interrupt latency and minimal thread switching latency; a real-time OS is valued more for how quickly or how predictably it can respond than for the amount of work it can perform in a given period of time.
Isso é algo que pouquíssimos sistemas operacionais realmente fazem, porque para muitas cargas de trabalho é simplesmente menos eficiente. Nenhum dos principais sistemas operacionais de consumo está agora (ou, pelo que eu saiba, já esteve) em tempo real. Infelizmente, isso significa que, às vezes, as coisas em um ambiente não em tempo real têm que ficar esperando outras coisas. Isso só se torna um problema quando algo não está cedendo em um período de tempo razoável, geralmente.
Currently the best known, most widely deployed, real-time operating systems are:
LynxOS OSE QNX RTLinux VxWorks Windows CE
See the list of real-time operating systems for a comprehensive list.