Will it damage my audio chip or corrupt any driver?
Não e não. Supondo que você esteja falando de fones de ouvido passivos + microfone com conector TRRS, não há como danificar o chip de áudio e é (quase) totalmente independente do driver.
É bem provável que você possa conectar seu fone de ouvido ao seu PC / Laptop e usar os fones de ouvido embutidos sem nenhum problema. Muitos conectores TRRS de 3,5 mm foram construídos para serem compatíveis com os conectores de fone de ouvido estéreo (TRS)
Observe que você não poderá usar o microfone no fone de ouvido ao fazer isso. Para usar os fones de ouvido E o microfone, você precisará de um adaptador para ir TRRS (mic + estéreo) - > TRS (estéreo) + TRS (mic)
Do wiki :
A three- or four-conductor version of the 2.5 mm plug is widely used on cell phone handsfree headsets, providing mono (three conductor) or stereo (four conductor) sound and a microphone input. Common stereo headphones with the 2.5 mm plug are often not compatible with this type of socket. A 3.5 mm version of this plug is now commonly available on mobile telephones as well. A 3.5 mm stereo-plus-mic jack is available that is compatible with standard 3.5 mm stereo headphones, e.g. Nokia has been widely using TRRS connectors with 3.5 mm diameter since 2006. The selected pin assignment, with ground on the sleeve, is as well standardized in OMTP and has been accepted as a national Chinese standard YDT 1885-2009.
TRRS plugs do not work properly with a TRS stereo jack if the ground contact in the jack connects to the microphone contact on the plug. It is therefore a good practice to implement new TRS headphone jacks using actually a TRRS mechanical jacks and connecting ground to sleeve as well as the second ring contact. This way such jacks will provide better compatibility with different TRRS cell phone headsets.