Você precisa simular um shell de login, o que você pode fazer com o sudo usando -i
:
sudo -i <command>
De man sudo
:
-i [command]
The -i (simulate initial login) option runs the shell specified by the password
database entry of the target user as a login shell. This means that login-spe‐
cific resource files such as .profile or .login will be read by the shell. If a
command is specified, it is passed to the shell for execution via the shell's -c
option. If no command is specified, an interactive shell is executed. sudo
attempts to change to that user's home directory before running the shell. The
security policy shall initialize the environment to a minimal set of variables,
similar to what is present when a user logs in. The Command Environment section
in the sudoers(5) manual documents how the -i option affects the environment in
which a command is run when the sudoers policy is in use.