A função da API libsystemd é sd_pid_get_unit(…) . Na linha de comando, você pode usar ps com a coluna UNIT (se ela foi compilada com o suporte libsystemd):
$ ps -e -o pid,unit,cmd
PID UNIT CMD
1 init.scope /usr/lib/systemd/systemd
315 postfix.service tlsmgr -l -t unix -u
3057 cronie.service /usr/bin/CROND -n
3107 galed.service /usr/bin/galed
3182 [email protected] /sbin/agetty --noclear tty1 linux
29171 postfix.service /usr/lib/postfix/bin/master -w
32758 postfix.service qmgr -l -t unix -u
$ ps -o unit= 32758
postfix.service
$ ps -o unit= -C tlsmgr
postfix.service
$ systemctl status $(pidof pickup)
● postfix.service - Postfix Mail Transport Agent
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service; enabled; vendor preset: disabled)
Active: active (running) since Sun 2016-03-27 17:24:24 EEST; 2 weeks 2 days ago
Main PID: 29171 (master)
Tasks: 4 (limit: 512)
CGroup: /system.slice/postfix.service
├─ 315 tlsmgr -l -t unix -u
├─ 8720 pickup -l -t unix -u
├─29171 /usr/lib/postfix/bin/master -w
└─32758 qmgr -l -t unix -u
$ grep :name=systemd: /proc/$(pidof pickup)/cgroup
1:name=systemd:/system.slice/postfix.service
# do not rely on this one, as the cgroup structure will change in the coming months