Não sei se existe uma maneira de fazer isso de maneira nativa no Windows. No entanto, há alguns aplicativos que podem fazer o que você está procurando:
Divvy :
With Divvy, it’s as simple as a single click and drag in the Divvy interface and your window will be resized and moved to a relative portion of the screen. If that seems like too much work, you can go ahead and create as many different shortcuts as you’d like that resize and move your windows.
GridMove :
GridMove is a program that aims at making windows management easier. It helps you with this task by defining a visual grid on your desktop, to which you can easily snap windows. This program comes bundled with some predefined grid templates, that can be easily swaped, but also has ways of creating custom grids or sharing grids made by others.
WinSplit Revolution is a small utility which allows you to easily organize your open windows by tiling, resizing and positioning them to make the best use of your desktop real estate.
Maxto :
Define your own regions. You decide how your windows should be arranged. Whenever a window is maximized, it is maximized into the region where the mouse pointer is. You can also use keyboard shortcuts to quickly move windows to the correct region.
It started as a windows alternative to divvy, but now it has evolved with into its own.
Eu pessoalmente usei o Divvy em um Mac e tive uma boa experiência com ele. Quando você o ativa, ele mostra uma grade na qual você pode clicar e arrastar o cursor para mover a janela atual para. Você pode especificar quantas divisões existem na largura ou altura da grade, independentemente de 1 a 10. Você também pode configurar atalhos de teclado para locais específicos na tela.