Do these shortcurs work right now?
As the icons show as System default icons, please right click C:\ProgramData\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs folder, and choose properties, change to the Previous Versions tab, now you can double click the previous versions to check in which version the shortcuts are fine. Then you can choose the version, you can click Restore button to restore.
If there is not a previous version is good, since you have many shortcuts, it would take long time to change the icon associations to the correct one. You can create a new account, then check if the shortcuts in the new account works fine, then you can copy the C:\Users\new account name\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs to replace the C:\Users\old account\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\Start Menu\Programs folder in your older user.
After that, if you want to customize the shortcuts, it's better to copy and paste the shortcuts to the folder which you want.
Basicamente, a maneira mais fácil de restaurá-lo é criar uma conta fictícia e copiar + colar os atalhos padrão (desde que o aplicativo tenha sido instalado para "todos" os usuários).