Este é um bug que pode ser corrigido no próximo Windows 10 Build 17046. O artigo Correções e problemas conhecidos no Windows 10 Build 17046 lista esta correção:
We fixed an issue resulting in Insiders with certain third party antiviruses and OneDrive Files on Demand enabled seeing an error in recent builds citing “OneDrive cannot connect to Windows”.
Pode haver uma solução de tempo médio do Colégios estaduais de Connecticut & Universidades IT Support Center , se isso se aplica ao seu caso:
If you have been using the OneDrive sync client without Files On-Demand and then enable Files On-Demand, some users have reported that they received an error "OneDrive cannot connect to Windows" preventing them from enabling Files On-Demand:
This is because the sync location being used is not the local hard drive and instead is using either an external USB or hard drive which cannot be used for the OneDrive sync location. You will need to go to OneDrive sync client settings tab (from the sys tray), on the Account tab unlink the PC from the account and then add the account again but this time select the local hard drive as the sync location.