Você pode fazer uso de montagens de bind
When you use a bind mount, a file or directory on the host machine is mounted into a container. The file or directory is referenced by its full or relative path on the host machine. By contrast, when you use a volume, a new directory is created within Docker’s storage directory on the host machine, and Docker manages that directory’s contents.
docker run -d \
-it \
--name bind--mount-test \
--mount type=bind,source=/path/to/host/directory/,target=/var/lib/home \
<docker image name>
tenha em mente a primeira vez que o container é criado, / var / lib / home será montado a partir do host e não vice-versa