If the phone system makes disk modification when the backup process is not finished(when the dd command is still running), is it possible that the output data is corrupted? The internal storage is 10GB, and the backup takes a long time.
Sim.
And 1 more question. Will it avoid such data corruption if I specify the block size(bs) to be the same as the storage size?
Não. Isso não fará uma enorme leitura atômica.
Using large blocks requires more RAM and can complicate error recovery.
I don't fully understand this sentence, but I infer that if I run dd command with bs specified with the size of the whole storage(around 10GB), my PC must have at least 10GB RAM.
Correto.
So, if there is no way to ensure synchronized data copying using dd, I think I'll have to do the backup under recovery mode and having /dev/block/mmcblk0 unmounted.
Essa seria minha recomendação.