Contanto que você tenha uma partição do sistema EFI, o tipo da tabela de partição não importa. No entanto, , o Windows (exclusivamente) exige que a GPT use o EFI; isso não é um problema com o Linux.
A seguinte resposta dá mais detalhes em relação ao Windows e ao suporte da EFI.
You're not asking about safety, but about support. Yes, EFI firmware has no trouble with an MBR partition table, which it can cope with just as it can cope with an EFI partition table. You just need to make sure that you have an EFI System Partition.
Your problem is Windows. Microsoft erroneously conflates has a GPT partitioned disc with bootstraps in the EFI way. So your laptop with a modern EFI partition table and modern EFI firmware has been installed and is bootstrapping Windows in the modern EFI way. Change to an MBR style partition table, and Windows will expect to be bootstrapping in the old PC98 way. You'd have to switch on the Compatibility Support Module option in your firmware, if it has it, and either reinstall Windows or individually modify the Microsoft Boot Manager, the system BCD store, the system volume's VBR, and the MBR bootstrap program.
As seguintes resposta fornecem mais detalhes em com relação ao Linux e seu suporte a EFI.
Linux can certainly boot off an MBR disk in EFI mode. The trouble is that this type of configuration is poorly tested, and you may have problems getting your boot loader registered with the EFI. You might need to name your boot loader EFI/BOOT/bootx64.efi and rely on the EFI using this fallback filename.
Also, most Linux distributions' installation programs won't make it easy to set up this sort of configuration; you may need to install to GPT and convert that to MBR, or install in BIOS mode and then install an EFI boot loader after the fact.