mount: errado tipo fs, má opção, bad superblock

Question

Eu quero montar um disco rígido no servidor debian remoto para recuperar alguns dados importantes. A informação fdisk -l do disco:

Disk /dev/sdc: 931.5 GiB, 1000204886016 bytes, 1953525168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xd603e167

Device     Boot Start        End    Sectors   Size Id Type
/dev/sdc1        2048 1953521663 1953519616 931.5G  6 FAT16

Mas quando tento montá-lo:

mount  /dev/sdc1 /back

Eu recebo este erro:

mount: wrong fs type, bad option, bad superblock on /dev/sdc1,
       missing codepage or helper program, or other error

       In some cases useful info is found in syslog - try
       dmesg | tail or so.

Eu também tentei

mount -t vfat  /dev/sdc1 /back

e

mount -t ext4  /dev/sdc1 /back

Mas todos eles dão o mesmo erro.

Além disso,

fsck /dev/sdc1

rendimentos:

fsck from util-linux 2.29.2
e2fsck 1.43.4 (31-Jan-2017)
ext2fs_check_desc: Corrupt group descriptor: bad block for block bitmap
fsck.ext4: Group descriptors look bad... trying backup blocks...
The filesystem size (according to the superblock) is 244190208 blocks
The physical size of the device is 244189952 blocks
Either the superblock or the partition table is likely to be corrupt!
Abort<y>? 

Como posso resolver isso?