Você pode tentar obter qualidade definindo manualmente a taxa de bits de vídeo "-b: v 2000M"
Quanto ao FPS, parece que não afeta muito o tamanho.
Experimentou um pouco com -b: v e framerates:
ffmpeg -loop 1 -i ./frames/0254.png -i camera-shutter-click-07.wav -r 10000 -pix_fmt yuv420p -shortest -vcodec libvpx -strict -2 -acodec vorbis outputvideo6.webm
ffmpeg -loop 1 -i ./frames/0254.png -i camera-shutter-click-07.wav -pix_fmt yuv420p -shortest -vcodec libvpx -strict -2 -acodec vorbis outputvideo5.webm
ffmpeg -loop 1 -i ./frames/0254.png -i camera-shutter-click-07.wav -r 10000 -pix_fmt yuv420p -shortest -b:v 2000M -vcodec libvpx -strict -2 -acodec vorbis outputvideo7.webm
Os dois primeiros vídeos são 25fps e 10000fps, mas seus arquivos são quase iguais: 101,3 e 102,7kB
Mas como na terceira taxa de bits é maior é o tamanho 339.7kB
ffmpeg -i outputvideo5.webm -i outputvideo6.webm -i outputvideo7.webm
ffmpeg version 2.5.git Copyright (c) 2000-2015 the FFmpeg developers
built on Jan 11 2015 19:12:34 with gcc 4.8 (Ubuntu 4.8.2-19ubuntu1)
configuration: --prefix=/home/alexandrov/ffmpeg_build --extra-cflags=-I/home/alexandrov/ffmpeg_build/include --extra-ldflags=-L/home/alexandrov/ffmpeg_build/lib --bindir=/home/alexandrov/bin --enable-gpl --enable-libass --enable-libfdk-aac --enable-libfreetype --enable-libmp3lame --enable-libopus --enable-libtheora --enable-libvorbis --enable-libvpx --enable-libx264 --enable-nonfree --enable-x11grab
libavutil 54. 16.100 / 54. 16.100
libavcodec 56. 20.100 / 56. 20.100
libavformat 56. 18.100 / 56. 18.100
libavdevice 56. 3.100 / 56. 3.100
libavfilter 5. 7.100 / 5. 7.100
libswscale 3. 1.101 / 3. 1.101
libswresample 1. 1.100 / 1. 1.100
libpostproc 53. 3.100 / 53. 3.100
Input #0, matroska,webm, from 'outputvideo5.webm':
Metadata:
encoder : Lavf56.18.100
Duration: 00:00:01.32, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 613 kb/s
Stream #0:0: Video: vp8, yuv420p, 1280x720, SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9, 25 fps, 25 tbr, 1k tbn, 1k tbc (default)
Stream #0:1: Audio: vorbis, 48000 Hz, stereo, fltp (default)
Input #1, matroska,webm, from 'outputvideo6.webm':
Metadata:
encoder : Lavf56.18.100
Duration: 00:00:01.30, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 631 kb/s
Stream #1:0: Video: vp8, yuv420p, 1280x720, SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9, 10k fps, 25 tbr, 1k tbn, 1k tbc (default)
Stream #1:1: Audio: vorbis, 48000 Hz, stereo, fltp (default)
Input #2, matroska,webm, from 'outputvideo7.webm':
Metadata:
encoder : Lavf56.18.100
Duration: 00:00:01.30, start: 0.000000, bitrate: 2088 kb/s
Stream #2:0: Video: vp8, yuv420p, 1280x720, SAR 1:1 DAR 16:9, 10k fps, 25 tbr, 1k tbn, 1k tbc (default)
Stream #2:1: Audio: vorbis, 48000 Hz, stereo, fltp (default)