Você tem outro DC em algum lugar? Talvez um RODC em um DMZ em que a atualização de esquema seja proibida devido a um problema de firewall. Você pode verificar problemas de replicação com esta ferramenta: link
Eu tenho problemas com o Exchange Server 2013, desejo instalar o Exchange 2013 no Windows Server 2012R2.
Extending Active Directory schema FAILED
C:\Sw>setup.exe /PrepareSchema /IAcceptExchangeServerLicenseTerms
Welcome to Microsoft Exchange Server 2013 Service Pack 1 Unattended Setup
Copying Files...
File copy complete. Setup will now collect additional information needed for
installation.
Performing Microsoft Exchange Server Prerequisite Check
Prerequisite Analysis COMPLETED
Configuring Microsoft Exchange Server
Extending Active Directory schema FAILED
The following error was generated when "$error.Clear();
install-ExchangeSchema -LdapFileName ($roleInstallPath + "Setup\Data\"+$
RoleSchemaPrefix + "schema0.ldf")
" was run: "There was an error while running 'ldifde.exe' to import the schema f
ile 'C:\Windows\Temp\ExchangeSetup\Setup\Data\PostWindows2003_schema0.ldf'. The
error code is: 8224. More details can be found in the error file: 'C:\Users\Admi
nistrator\AppData\Local\Temp\ldif.err'".
The Exchange Server setup operation didn't complete. More details can be found
in ExchangeSetup.log located in the <SystemDrive>:\ExchangeSetupLogs folder.
info from file:ldif.err
Entry DN: CN=ms-Exch-Access-Control-Map,CN=Schema,CN=Configuration,DC=woodgrove,DC=local
Add error on entry starting on line 1: Operations Error
The server side error is: 0x21a2 The FSMO role ownership could not be verified because its directory partition has not replicated successfully with at least one replication partner.
The extended server error is:
000021A2: SvcErr: DSID-030A0B6B, problem 5012 (DIR_ERROR), data 8610
An error has occurred in the program
Você tem outro DC em algum lugar? Talvez um RODC em um DMZ em que a atualização de esquema seja proibida devido a um problema de firewall. Você pode verificar problemas de replicação com esta ferramenta: link