Eu lhe imploro, afaste-se da expansão de shell simples na linha de comando cp
- a expansão de shell tem todos os tipos de casos de ângulos "interessantes" (recursão indesejada causada por. e .., espaços, material não imprimível, hardlinks, links simbólicos, e assim por diante.) Use find
(ele vem no pacote findutils
, caso você não o tenha instalado - o que seria estranho, todas as distribuições são instaladas por padrão):
find -H /path/to/toplevel/dir/ -maxdepth 1 -name '.*' -a \( -type d -o -type f -o -type l \) -exec cp -a '{}' /path/to/destination/dir/ \;
Explicação passo a passo:
-
-H
will cause find
not to follow symlinks (except if the actual toplevel directory name you gave it is a symlink; that it will follow.)
-
/path/to/toplevel/dir/
is, obviously, supposed to be replaced by you with the path do the directory which hosts the settings files and directories you want to back up.
-
-maxdepth 1
will stop find
from recursively descending into any directories whose name starts with a dot. We don't need it to recurse, cp
will do that for us, we just need the names at this level.
-
-name '.*'
tells find
that we want all names that start with a dot. This won't work correctly if the environment variable POSIXLY_CORRECT
is set, but it rarely (if ever) is. This is the first match condition we have specified so far.
-
a \( ....... \)
is an and followed by a more complex condition in parentheses (I've used ..... to replace it, it's explained below.) We need to escape the parentheses since they'll otherwise be (mis)interpreted by the shell, hence the backslash in front of them,
-
-type d -o -type f -o -type l
are three conditions with an or between them. -type d
matches directories, -type f
matches regular files, and -type l
matches symlinks. You can select what you want - for example, if you don't want to backup settings directories, omit -type d
(and the -o
right behind it, obviously.)
-
-exec ..... \;
tells find
to execute a command every time a match is encountered. The end of the command is marked by a semicolon, which we again need to escape with a backslash to avoid shell interpretation. Within that command line, you need to use {}
where you want the name of the currently encountered match to end up. Since shells might also misinterpret the curly braces, you should place them in apostrophes, as in '{}'
. The command we want to execute in this case is cp -a '{}' /path/to/destination/dir/
(-a means archive, which recurses in subdirectories, copies symlinks as links, and preserves permissions and extended attributes, and /path/to/destination/dir/
is obviously the name of the destination directory - replace it.)
Portanto, em inglês simples, esta linha de comando find
diz o seguinte:
Start at /path/to/toplevel/dir/. Do not descend into any subdirectories. Find all directories, files and symlinks whose name starts with a dot. For each of those you have found found, copy it to /path/to/destination/dir/ preserving nature, permissions, and extended attributes.