Estamos tendo alguns problemas com uma configuração do PostgreSQL. Depois de alguns benchmarks, descobri que consultas muito simples estão demorando um tempo relativamente longo. Após a inspeção, parece que o comando COMMIT é realmente lento.
Eu fiz um teste muito simples usando a seguinte tabela:
CREATE TABLE test (
id serial primary key,
foo varchar(16),
);
Depois de ativar o registro em todas as declarações, executei a seguinte consulta 10000 vezes:
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO test (a) VALUES ('bar');
COMMIT;
O BEGIN e o INSERT estão tomando < 1ms para completar, mas o COMMIT está levando uma média de 22ms para completar.
Rodar o mesmo benchmark no meu PC, que é muito mais lento, produz a mesma média para as instruções BEGIN e INSERT, mas o COMMIT médio é de aproximadamente 0.4ms (mais de 20 vezes mais rápido).
Após algumas leituras, tentei a ferramenta pg_test_fsync para tentar resolver o problema. No servidor, recebo estes resultados:
$ ./pg_test_fsync -o 1024
1024 operations per test
O_DIRECT supported on this platform for open_datasync and open_sync.
Compare file sync methods using one 8kB write:
(in wal_sync_method preference order, except fdatasync
is Linux's default)
open_datasync 14.875 ops/sec
fdatasync 11.920 ops/sec
fsync 30.524 ops/sec
fsync_writethrough n/a
open_sync 30.425 ops/sec
Compare file sync methods using two 8kB writes:
(in wal_sync_method preference order, except fdatasync
is Linux's default)
open_datasync 19.956 ops/sec
fdatasync 23.299 ops/sec
fsync 21.955 ops/sec
fsync_writethrough n/a
open_sync 3.619 ops/sec
Compare open_sync with different write sizes:
(This is designed to compare the cost of writing 16kB
in different write open_sync sizes.)
16kB open_sync write 5.923 ops/sec
8kB open_sync writes 3.120 ops/sec
4kB open_sync writes 10.246 ops/sec
2kB open_sync writes 1.787 ops/sec
1kB open_sync writes 0.830 ops/sec
Test if fsync on non-write file descriptor is honored:
(If the times are similar, fsync() can sync data written
on a different descriptor.)
write, fsync, close 34.371 ops/sec
write, close, fsync 36.527 ops/sec
Non-Sync'ed 8kB writes:
write 248302.619 ops/sec
No meu PC eu recebo:
$ ./pg_test_fsync -o 1024
1024 operations per test
O_DIRECT supported on this platform for open_datasync and open_sync.
Compare file sync methods using one 8kB write:
(in wal_sync_method preference order, except fdatasync
is Linux's default)
open_datasync 69.862 ops/sec
fdatasync 68.871 ops/sec
fsync 34.593 ops/sec
fsync_writethrough n/a
open_sync 26.595 ops/sec
Compare file sync methods using two 8kB writes:
(in wal_sync_method preference order, except fdatasync
is Linux's default)
open_datasync 26.872 ops/sec
fdatasync 59.056 ops/sec
fsync 34.031 ops/sec
fsync_writethrough n/a
open_sync 17.284 ops/sec
Compare open_sync with different write sizes:
(This is designed to compare the cost of writing 16kB
in different write open_sync sizes.)
16kB open_sync write 7.412 ops/sec
8kB open_sync writes 3.942 ops/sec
4kB open_sync writes 8.700 ops/sec
2kB open_sync writes 4.161 ops/sec
1kB open_sync writes 1.492 ops/sec
Test if fsync on non-write file descriptor is honored:
(If the times are similar, fsync() can sync data written
on a different descriptor.)
write, fsync, close 35.086 ops/sec
write, close, fsync 34.043 ops/sec
Non-Sync'ed 8kB writes:
write 240544.985 ops/sec
A configuração do servidor:
CPU: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-3770 CPU @ 3.40GHz
RAM: 32GB
Disk: 2x 2TB SATA disk in Software RAID 1
A máquina usada para comparação é um i5 com 16 GB de RAM e discos SATA comuns (sem invasão).
Mais informações:
- SO: servidor Ubuntu 12.10
- Kernel: Linux ... 3.5.0-22-genérico # 34-Ubuntu SMP Ter Jan 8 21:47:00 UTC 2013 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU / Linux
- RAID 1 de software
- Sistema de arquivos é ext4
- Nenhuma outra opção de montagem especificada.
- Versão 9.1 do Postgres
- Linux mdadm raid
Saída de dump2efs:
dumpe2fs 1.42.5 (29-Jul-2012)
Filesystem volume name: <none>
Last mounted on: /
Filesystem UUID: 16e30b20-0531-4bcc-877a-818e1f5d5fb2
Filesystem magic number: 0xEF53
Filesystem revision #: 1 (dynamic)
Filesystem features: has_journal ext_attr resize_inode dir_index filetype needs_recovery extent flex_bg sparse_super large_file huge_file uninit_bg dir_nlink extra_isize
Filesystem flags: signed_directory_hash
Default mount options: (none)
Filesystem state: clean
Errors behavior: Continue
Filesystem OS type: Linux
Inode count: 182329344
Block count: 729289039
Reserved block count: 36464451
Free blocks: 609235080
Free inodes: 182228152
First block: 0
Block size: 4096
Fragment size: 4096
Reserved GDT blocks: 850
Blocks per group: 32768
Fragments per group: 32768
Inodes per group: 8192
Inode blocks per group: 256
RAID stride: 1
Flex block group size: 16
Filesystem created: Sat Jan 19 12:42:19 2013
Last mount time: Wed Jan 23 16:23:11 2013
Last write time: Sat Jan 19 12:46:13 2013
Mount count: 8
Maximum mount count: 30
Last checked: Sat Jan 19 12:42:19 2013
Check interval: 15552000 (6 months)
Next check after: Thu Jul 18 13:42:19 2013
Lifetime writes: 257 GB
Reserved blocks uid: 0 (user root)
Reserved blocks gid: 0 (group root)
First inode: 11
Inode size: 128
Journal inode: 8
First orphan inode: 17304375
Default directory hash: half_md4
Directory Hash Seed: a71fa518-7696-4a28-bd89-b21c10d4265b
Journal backup: inode blocks
Journal features: journal_incompat_revoke
Journal size: 128M
Journal length: 32768
Journal sequence: 0x000df5a4
Journal start: 31733
Mdadm - saída de detalhes:
/dev/md2:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Sat Jan 19 12:42:05 2013
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 2917156159 (2782.02 GiB 2987.17 GB)
Used Dev Size : 2917156159 (2782.02 GiB 2987.17 GB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Fri Mar 22 11:16:45 2013
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Name : rescue:2
UUID : d87b98e7:d584a4ed:5dac7907:ae5639b0
Events : 38
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 3 0 active sync /dev/sda3
1 8 19 1 active sync /dev/sdb3
Atualização de 2013-03-25 :
Eu corri um longo teste inteligente em ambos os discos, o que não revelou problemas. Ambos os discos são da Seagate, modelo: ST3000DM001-9YN166.
Atualização 2013-03-27 :
Eu executei o pg_test_fsync da última versão (9.2.3) em uma máquina completamente inativa:
$ ./pg_test_fsync -s 3
3 seconds per test
O_DIRECT supported on this platform for open_datasync and open_sync.
Compare file sync methods using one 8kB write:
(in wal_sync_method preference order, except fdatasync
is Linux's default)
open_datasync 39.650 ops/sec
fdatasync 34.283 ops/sec
fsync 19.309 ops/sec
fsync_writethrough n/a
open_sync 55.271 ops/sec
É um pouco melhor do que antes, mas ainda é deplorável. As partições nos dois discos estão alinhadas:
$ sudo parted /dev/sdb unit s print
Model: ATA ST3000DM001-9YN1 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 5860533168s
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B
Partition Table: gpt
Number Start End Size File system Name Flags
4 2048s 4095s 2048s bios_grub
1 4096s 25169919s 25165824s raid
2 25169920s 26218495s 1048576s raid
3 26218496s 5860533134s 5834314639s raid
Mount -v output:
$ mount -v | grep ^/dev/
/dev/md2 on / type ext4 (rw,noatime)
/dev/md1 on /boot type ext3 (rw)
O dispositivo md2 está sendo usado para os testes. Indo destruir a partição swap e executar o pg_test_fsync em discos individuais.
Se eu executo pg_test_fsync em ambos os discos individualmente, recebo praticamente o mesmo desempenho, a partição foi montada com noatime:
$ pg_test_fsync/pg_test_fsync -s 3
3 seconds per test
O_DIRECT supported on this platform for open_datasync and open_sync.
Compare file sync methods using one 8kB write:
(in wal_sync_method preference order, except fdatasync
is Linux's default)
open_datasync 75.111 ops/sec
fdatasync 71.925 ops/sec
fsync 37.352 ops/sec
fsync_writethrough n/a
open_sync 33.746 ops/sec
Compare file sync methods using two 8kB writes:
(in wal_sync_method preference order, except fdatasync
is Linux's default)
open_datasync 38.204 ops/sec
fdatasync 49.907 ops/sec
fsync 32.126 ops/sec
fsync_writethrough n/a
open_sync 13.642 ops/sec
Compare open_sync with different write sizes:
(This is designed to compare the cost of writing 16kB
in different write open_sync sizes.)
1 * 16kB open_sync write 25.325 ops/sec
2 * 8kB open_sync writes 12.539 ops/sec
4 * 4kB open_sync writes 6.207 ops/sec
8 * 2kB open_sync writes 3.098 ops/sec
16 * 1kB open_sync writes 1.208 ops/sec
Test if fsync on non-write file descriptor is honored:
(If the times are similar, fsync() can sync data written
on a different descriptor.)
write, fsync, close 27.275 ops/sec
write, close, fsync 20.561 ops/sec
Non-Sync'ed 8kB writes:
write 562902.020 ops/sec
Depois de executar o teste algumas vezes, tanto na matriz quanto no disco único, os números parecem variar muito. Na pior das hipóteses, o desempenho é de cerca de 50% do que eu postei aqui (algo em torno de 30 ops / s para o primeiro teste). Isso é normal? A máquina está completamente ociosa, o tempo todo.
Além disso, de acordo com a saída do dmesg, o controlador está no modo AHCI.