Há uma diferença sutil no comportamento que a versão 2012 "opcionalmente remove" o recurso e que IncludeManagementTools
deve ser incluído como um parâmetro para remover o console de gerenciamento como parte da desinstalação do recurso, e Remove
deve ser incluído para remover os arquivos de recursos do computador que permitiriam que o recurso fosse reinstalado.
Todas as outras diferenças são claras pela presença / omissão na documentação.
Remove-WindowsFeature (documentação do 2008 R2):
The Remove-WindowsFeature cmdlet has been replaced in Windows Server 2012 and forward by the Uninstall-WindowsFeature cmdlet.
[...]
The Remove-WindowsFeature cmdlet allows you to remove specified roles, role services, and features from a computer that is running Windows Server 2008 R2. The Remove-WindowsFeature cmdlet functions similarly to the Remove Roles Wizard and Remove Features Wizard that you can start from the Server Manager UI. As in those wizards, you can remove more than one role, role service, or feature per session. You can find a list of command IDs for all roles, role services, and features in the topic Overview of Server Manager Commands in the Server Manager Help.
De: link
Uninstall-WindowsFeature (Documentação de 2012):
By adding the Remove parameter, also deletes feature files, or payload, from a computer.
[...]
The Uninstall-WindowsFeature cmdlet uninstalls and optionally removes specified roles, role services, and features from a computer that is running Windows Server 2012 R2, or from an offline virtual hard disk (VHD) on which Windows Server 2012 R2 is installed. This cmdlet works similarly to the Remove Roles and Features Wizard in Server Manager, with an important exception: by default, management tools are not uninstalled when you run the Uninstall-WindowsFeature cmdlet; you must add the IncludeManagementTools parameter to uninstall associated management tools.
De: link