Não tenho certeza se é isso que você está procurando, mas provavelmente deseja instalar libboost-all-dev
.
$ ls /usr/lib/libboost*.so
/usr/lib/libboost_date_time-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_date_time.so
/usr/lib/libboost_filesystem-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_filesystem.so
/usr/lib/libboost_graph-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_graph_parallel-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_graph_parallel.so
/usr/lib/libboost_graph.so
/usr/lib/libboost_iostreams-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_iostreams.so
/usr/lib/libboost_math_c99f-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_math_c99f.so
/usr/lib/libboost_math_c99l-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_math_c99l.so
/usr/lib/libboost_math_c99-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_math_c99.so
/usr/lib/libboost_math_tr1f-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_math_tr1f.so
/usr/lib/libboost_math_tr1l-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_math_tr1l.so
/usr/lib/libboost_math_tr1-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_math_tr1.so
/usr/lib/libboost_mpi-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_mpi.so
/usr/lib/libboost_prg_exec_monitor-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_prg_exec_monitor.so
/usr/lib/libboost_program_options-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_program_options.so
/usr/lib/libboost_python-mt-py27.so
/usr/lib/libboost_python-mt-py32.so
/usr/lib/libboost_python-py27.so
/usr/lib/libboost_python-py32.so
/usr/lib/libboost_python.so
/usr/lib/libboost_regex-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_regex.so
/usr/lib/libboost_serialization-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_serialization.so
/usr/lib/libboost_signals-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_signals.so
/usr/lib/libboost_system-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_system.so
/usr/lib/libboost_thread-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_thread.so
/usr/lib/libboost_unit_test_framework-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_unit_test_framework.so
/usr/lib/libboost_wave-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_wave.so
/usr/lib/libboost_wserialization-mt.so
/usr/lib/libboost_wserialization.so