Você também pode fazer um sudo fdisk -l
nits@nits-excalibur:~$ sudo fdisk -l
[sudo] password for nits:
Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x27edc0d3
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 * 2048 206847 102400 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda2 206848 188743679 94268416 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda3 224569342 976771071 376100865 5 Extended
/dev/sda4 188743680 224567295 17911808 83 Linux
/dev/sda5 224569344 434284543 104857600 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda6 434286592 644001791 104857600 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda7 644003840 684001279 19998720 83 Linux
/dev/sda8 684003328 704002047 9999360 83 Linux
/dev/sda9 804003840 972767231 84381696 83 Linux
/dev/sda10 704004096 744001535 19998720 83 Linux
/dev/sda11 744003584 803987455 29991936 83 Linux
/dev/sda12 972769280 976771071 2000896 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Partition table entries are not in disk order
sudo blkid
fornece informações sobre o formato da partição junto com seu UUID e o rótulo, se houver.
nits@nits-excalibur:~$ sudo blkid
[sudo] password for nits:
/dev/sda1: LABEL="System Reserved" UUID="22F2DE0DF2DDE4D7" TYPE="ntfs"
/dev/sda2: UUID="6E5E0E255E0DE6A5" TYPE="ntfs"
/dev/sda4: LABEL="TestDrive" UUID="e6e47b0b-4c88-43f9-9165-81b2c1af4d1c" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda5: LABEL="Storage_1" UUID="42DC637EDC636B5D" TYPE="ntfs"
/dev/sda6: LABEL="Storage_2" UUID="D890877C9087603C" TYPE="ntfs"
/dev/sda7: UUID="b73e274d-fdb2-45ac-acfe-9fcb48631ff7" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda8: UUID="831304eb-1ee5-486c-a4a4-ef40b6c2d4dc" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda9: UUID="9ba518d1-4a03-4b92-9b31-15db045c8cd4" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda10: UUID="dcc15cd3-041d-4ad2-915e-9c0dae9310c7" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda11: UUID="3ad60b50-a4f3-4dff-b62e-610766e1b119" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda12: UUID="5604929a-9d9e-4ab0-907f-b9479a3b55e5" TYPE="swap"
Os dois comandos em conjunto um com o outro devem ser suficientes para obter as informações sobre as partições em seu sistema.