xargs
é o utilitário unix que eu estava procurando. Na página do manual:
The xargs utility reads space, tab, newline and end-of-file delimited strings from the standard input and executes utility with the strings as arguments. Any arguments specified on the command line are given to utility upon each invocation, followed by some number of the arguments read from the standard input of xargs. The utility is repeatedly executed until standard input is exhausted.
Então, a solução para minha pergunta original é:
git diff --diff-filter=M --name-only develop | grep coffee$ | xargs ./node_modules/.bin/coffeelint