Você pode usar apt-get --print-uris
para instalar seu pacote. Um tuto detalhado pode ser encontrado em Ajuda do Ubuntu
--print-uris
Instead of fetching the files to install, their URIs are printed. Each
URI will have the path, the destination file name, the size and the
expected md5 hash. Note that the file name to write to will not always
match the file name on the remote site! This also works with the source
and update commands. When used with the update command, the MD5 and size
are not included, and it is up to the user to decompress any compressed
files.
No seu caso, o pacote necessário é: linux-headers
sudo apt-get --print-uris --yes install linux-headers-$(uname -r) | grep ^\' | cut -d\' -f2 > packageuri.htm