Pelo que parece, eu acho que o disco está morto, morrendo (ou foi defeituoso desde o começo, talvez). A formatação do dispositivo em vez da partição não deve ser capaz de fazer isso, aconteceu comigo algumas vezes também, sem nenhum dano ao dispositivo (ao contrário dos dados ...:)
Eu tenho um disco semelhante, 2TB USB3 Seagate externo, vou postar minha saída smartctl para comparação. No momento, eu tentaria executar o autoteste estendido (usando o gui GSmartControl ou o smartctl. Leva tempo, para o meu drive por volta das 6 horas, o seu deve ser mais ou menos a metade desse tempo).
root@fubuntu:~# smartctl -a /dev/sdc |tee sdc-smartctl-'ds'.log
smartctl 6.5 2016-01-24 r4214 [x86_64-linux-4.4.0-36-generic] (local build)
Copyright (C) 2002-16, Bruce Allen, Christian Franke, www.smartmontools.org
=== START OF INFORMATION SECTION ===
Model Family: Seagate Samsung SpinPoint M9T
Device Model: ST2000LM003 HN-M201RAD
Serial Number: S34RJ9FG538619
LU WWN Device Id: 5 0004cf 20fceabd1
Firmware Version: 2BC10008
User Capacity: 2 000 398 934 016 bytes [2,00 TB]
Sector Sizes: 512 bytes logical, 4096 bytes physical
Rotation Rate: 5400 rpm
Form Factor: 2.5 inches
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: ATA8-ACS T13/1699-D revision 6
SATA Version is: SATA 3.0, 6.0 Gb/s (current: 3.0 Gb/s)
Local Time is: Sat Sep 10 15:17:41 2016 CEST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x80) Offline data collection activity
was never started.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: (24480) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x5b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
No Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 408) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x003f) SCT Status supported.
SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x002f 100 100 051 Pre-fail Always - 0
2 Throughput_Performance 0x0026 056 056 000 Old_age Always - 22251(vs.0)
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0023 088 087 025 Pre-fail Always - 3875
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 326(vs 11227!)
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 252 252 010 Pre-fail Always - 0
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x002e 252 252 051 Old_age Always - 0
8 Seek_Time_Performance 0x0024 252 252 015 Old_age Offline - 0
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 414
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0032 252 252 051 Old_age Always - 0
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 87
191 G-Sense_Error_Rate 0x0022 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 31
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0022 252 252 000 Old_age Always - 0 (aka unclean shutdown, yours 48 for just 247 total power cycles.
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0002 064 049 000 Old_age Always - 23 (Min/Max 15/51)
195 Hardware_ECC_Recovered 0x003a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 252 252 000 Old_age Always - 0
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0032 252 252 000 Old_age Always - 0
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0030 252 252 000 Old_age Offline - 0
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x0036 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
200 Multi_Zone_Error_Rate 0x002a 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 6 (vs 1241)
223 Load_Retry_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 2 (vs 19)
225 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 3879 (vs 221164!)
SMART Error Log Version: 1
No Errors Logged
SMART Self-test log structure revision number 1
Num Test_Description Status Remaining LifeTime(hours) LBA_of_first_error
# 1 Extended offline Completed without error 00% 398 - Do the extended offline test.
# 2 Short offline Completed without error 00% 383 -
SMART Selective self-test log data structure revision number 0
Note: revision number not 1 implies that no selective self-test has ever been run
SPAN MIN_LBA MAX_LBA CURRENT_TEST_STATUS
1 0 0 Completed [00% left] (0-65535)
2 0 0 Not_testing
3 0 0 Not_testing
4 0 0 Not_testing
5 0 0 Not_testing
Selective self-test flags (0x0):
After scanning selected spans, do NOT read-scan remainder of disk.
If Selective self-test is pending on power-up, resume after 0 minute delay.
IMHOAFAIK, é um erro de hw e o disco está acabado, receio, mas mesmo assim eu faria o autoteste offline estendido.
Ainda está na garantia, por acaso?