Atualize 24 horas, levou o dia todo.
Obrigado por toda sua ajuda.
Novo disco rígido, Ubuntu install & amp; então testdisk & amp; talvez o e2fsck tenha obtido acessos quase completos para a partição ext4 com falha / bloqueada (que perdeu sua descrição de formato ext4 no Gparted). Eu ainda tenho que ver se o sistema operacional de partição ext4 agora pode ser inicializado. Duvido.
Infelizmente, não tenho certeza de qual ponto o acesso foi totalmente recuperado, se a primeira parte do testdisk funcionou ou se o e2fsck o seguiu. Eu desisti de alguma maneira através do e2fsck ............. em relação ao testdisk, uma frustração era que não era óbvio para mim iniciante que este é um programa operado por terminal, então eu perdi muito tempo tentando para encontrar o programa instalado.
Espero que isso tudo ajude alguém.
####################
detalhes ................
Não progrediu usando o live CD do Ubuntu e os métodos sugeridos - as tarefas de terminal sugeridas não progrediram com o acesso / reparo da partição ext4. Um novo disco rígido estava em ordem, carreguei o Ubuntu e depois olhei mais para o antigo disco rígido. Sua partição NTFS ainda estava bem, mas nada acessaria a partição ext4.
No entanto, eu tentei o programa de disco de teste, e isso passou por vários processos e sugeriu uma certa maneira de usar o e2fsck.
Então a partição ext4 se tornou acessível ?????? então testdisk me levou até lá, não sei como, e copiei todos os meus dados para o novo disco rígido.
Acho que estou perdendo meus favoritos e senhas, pois não consigo encontrá-los, mas os tenho em outro lugar.
Um problema sugerido online é que isso pode acontecer quando a partição fica muito cheia, mas isso não parece ser o meu caso.
Sabendo muito pouco sobre o SO etc, eu apenas imagino que o formato / topo ext4 do arquivo 'tree' foi corrompido. O disco só tinha no máximo 2 setores defeituosos.
Eu acho que a atualização através de várias versões do Ubuntu ao longo dos anos introduziu alguns problemas que eu estava ignorando, ou talvez o disco rígido tenha falhado neste setor.
#
PROBLEMA ORIGINAL , Eu tenho usado o Ubuntu há alguns anos em um laptop e disco rígido externo que tem duas partições, uma para tarefas de backup (ainda funciona bem) e outra para o Ubuntu.
De repente, o Ubuntu 14.04 não inicializa e eu estou fazendo isso do Ubuntu na unidade de CD. A partição do Ubuntu mostrada no Gparted não possui sistema de arquivos ou ponto de montagem definido e está marcada em preto.
Minhas perguntas são o que pode ter acontecido, é provável que os dados e o sistema operacional Ubuntu nesta partição ainda estejam presentes ou que esta partição tenha sido apagada, talvez por malware (é provável que?)? Como proceder? Eu imagino que não seja uma simples questão de redefinir seu sistema de arquivos para ext4?
A maioria dos meus dados é armazenada em backup e passei algumas horas observando isso, embora tenha conhecimento limitado de partições e do Grub, etc.
$ sudo e2fsck -n /dev/sda2
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #320 (0, counted=1361).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #321 (8192, counted=8184).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #322 (8192, counted=4039).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #323 (8192, counted=3958).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #324 (8192, counted=4022).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #325 (8192, counted=4061).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #326 (8192, counted=4172).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #327 (8192, counted=4093).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #328 (8192, counted=4076).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #329 (8192, counted=4048).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #330 (8192, counted=4056).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #331 (8192, counted=4119).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #332 (8192, counted=4001).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #333 (8192, counted=4035).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #334 (8192, counted=4057).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #335 (8192, counted=3895).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #336 (8192, counted=5).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #336 (0, counted=844).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #337 (8192, counted=6023).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #337 (0, counted=47).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #352 (8192, counted=2302).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #352 (0, counted=698).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #368 (8192, counted=0).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #368 (0, counted=1025).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #369 (8192, counted=5634).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #369 (0, counted=334).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #384 (8192, counted=3342).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #384 (0, counted=1358).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #400 (8192, counted=106).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #400 (0, counted=1142).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #401 (8192, counted=0).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #401 (0, counted=135).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #402 (8192, counted=7820).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #402 (0, counted=82).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #416 (8192, counted=0).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #416 (0, counted=1313).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #417 (8192, counted=6760).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #417 (0, counted=49).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #432 (8192, counted=2182).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #432 (0, counted=1362).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #448 (8192, counted=1575).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #448 (0, counted=1362).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #464 (8192, counted=289).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #464 (0, counted=1318).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #480 (8192, counted=0).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #480 (0, counted=1280).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #481 (8192, counted=4735).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #481 (0, counted=83).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #496 (8192, counted=2610).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #496 (0, counted=1287).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #512 (8192, counted=3470).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #512 (0, counted=1272).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #528 (8192, counted=3466).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #528 (0, counted=1262).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #544 (8192, counted=3333).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #544 (0, counted=1295).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #560 (8192, counted=1314).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #560 (0, counted=1312).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #576 (8192, counted=38).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #576 (0, counted=1211).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #577 (8192, counted=7500).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #577 (0, counted=75).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #592 (8192, counted=2756).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #592 (0, counted=1297).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #608 (8192, counted=397).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #608 (0, counted=1275).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #624 (8192, counted=2240).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #624 (0, counted=1327).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #640 (8192, counted=1989).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #640 (0, counted=1263).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #656 (8192, counted=407).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #656 (0, counted=1330).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #657 (8192, counted=7387).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #672 (8192, counted=3049).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #672 (0, counted=1324).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #688 (8192, counted=0).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #688 (0, counted=952).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #689 (8192, counted=6532).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #689 (0, counted=376).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #704 (8192, counted=3494).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #704 (0, counted=1327).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #720 (8192, counted=3238).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #720 (0, counted=1333).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #736 (8192, counted=3468).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #736 (0, counted=1310).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #737 (8192, counted=5388).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #752 (8192, counted=4234).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #752 (0, counted=1317).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #753 (8192, counted=4523).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #768 (8192, counted=2632).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #768 (0, counted=1311).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #769 (8192, counted=4607).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #784 (8192, counted=3858).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #784 (0, counted=1310).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #800 (8192, counted=3195).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #800 (0, counted=1309).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #816 (8192, counted=94).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #816 (0, counted=1061).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #817 (8192, counted=3151).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #817 (0, counted=248).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #832 (8192, counted=2173).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #832 (0, counted=1309).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #848 (8192, counted=3180).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #848 (0, counted=1310).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #864 (8192, counted=1128).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #864 (0, counted=1138).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #865 (8192, counted=7546).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #880 (8192, counted=2464).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #880 (0, counted=1342).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #896 (8192, counted=0).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #896 (0, counted=1281).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #897 (8192, counted=7746).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #897 (0, counted=69).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #912 (8192, counted=3639).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #912 (0, counted=1313).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #928 (8192, counted=2391).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #928 (0, counted=1362).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #944 (8192, counted=3038).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #944 (0, counted=1362).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #960 (8192, counted=2423).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #960 (0, counted=1087).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #976 (8192, counted=8007).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #976 (0, counted=1).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #992 (8192, counted=8191).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #992 (0, counted=1).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1008 (8192, counted=8190).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1008 (0, counted=1).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1024 (8192, counted=8186).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1024 (0, counted=3).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1040 (8192, counted=436).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1040 (0, counted=330).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1041 (8192, counted=7091).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1041 (0, counted=73).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1056 (8192, counted=7786).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1056 (0, counted=3).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1088 (8192, counted=8039).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1088 (0, counted=1).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1120 (8192, counted=8183).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1120 (0, counted=8).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1136 (8192, counted=8191).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1136 (0, counted=1).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1152 (8192, counted=7849).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1152 (0, counted=5).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1184 (8192, counted=8191).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1184 (0, counted=1).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1344 (8192, counted=8100).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1344 (0, counted=3).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1360 (8192, counted=8191).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1360 (0, counted=1).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1408 (8192, counted=5).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1408 (0, counted=1299).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1409 (8192, counted=7288).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1409 (0, counted=4).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1424 (8192, counted=4415).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1424 (0, counted=680).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1472 (8192, counted=638).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1472 (0, counted=591).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1473 (8192, counted=84).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1473 (0, counted=550).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong for group #1474 (8192, counted=5668).
Fix? no
Directories count wrong for group #1474 (0, counted=201).
Fix? no
Free inodes count wrong (12222453, counted=11367656).
Fix? no
/dev/sda2: ********** WARNING: Filesystem still has errors **********
11 inodes used (0.00%, out of 12222464)
722 non-contiguous files (6563.6%)
495 non-contiguous directories (4500.0%)
# of inodes with ind/dind/tind blocks: 2/2/2
Extent depth histogram: 517155/125
815037 blocks used (1.67%, out of 48876800)
0 bad blocks
1 large file
418807 regular files
79999 directories
57 character device files
26 block device files
0 fifos
9 links
80790 symbolic links (62315 fast symbolic links)
5 sockets
------------
579654 files