O sistema não inicializa depois de alterar as partições

Question

Eu tenho um sistema Kubuntu 11.10 com um HDD ( sda ) e um SSD ( sdb ). /home e /var e swap são partições no HDD e a partição / é a única no SSD. Todas as partições são ext4 (exceto swap).

Agora eu reduzi um pouco a partição /home para obter uma partição /tmp no HDD, para ser gentil com o SSD.

Em seguida, introduzi uma nova linha em /etc/fstab , onde copiei a linha de /var e substituí o UUID e o ponto de montagem. Limpei /tmp e saí do modo drwxrwxrwt .

proc            /proc           proc    nodev,noexec,nosuid 0       0
UUID=0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d /               ext4    discard,errors=remount-ro 0       1
UUID=78baabf7-d7a6-420d-a992-d4bebb83e2ed /home           ext4    defaults        0       2
UUID=4ebe846f-5fcb-45e8-bad7-2e28d223b183 /var            ext4    defaults        0       2
UUID=ce4aaf1a-3841-4bac-8fa3-31bda839a579 /tmp            ext4    defaults        0       2
UUID=87439ac8-0044-4a54-8b2d-7cefc644b2a6 none            swap    sw              0       0

Quando reinicializei, recebi o seguinte erro em uma tela azul sólida:

error: could not read file

Eu tentei reinstalar o GRUB 2, seguindo este wiki alemão . Você pode ver os comandos lá, eu fiz eles para /dev/sdb .

Como posso consertar meu sistema, sem precisar reinstalar tudo?

Prioridade de inicialização

O SSD é o segundo dispositivo SATA, o HDD é o primeiro:

Masestáselecionadocomoodispositivodeinicializaçãoprincipal:

A saída de blkid :

# blkid
/dev/loop0: TYPE="squashfs"
/dev/sda1: LABEL="HP-var" UUID="4ebe846f-5fcb-45e8-bad7-2e28d223b183" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda2: LABEL="HP-User" UUID="78baabf7-d7a6-420d-a992-d4bebb83e2ed" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda3: LABEL="HP-tmp" UUID="ce4aaf1a-3841-4bac-8fa3-31bda839a579" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/sda4: UUID="87439ac8-0044-4a54-8b2d-7cefc644b2a6" TYPE="swap"
/dev/sdb1: LABEL="SSD" UUID="0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d" TYPE="ext4"

Script de informações de inicialização

Isso é o que o script de informações de inicialização me oferece:

                  Boot Info Script 0.60    from 17 May 2011


============================= Boot Info Summary: ===============================

 => Grub2 (v1.99) is installed in the MBR of /dev/sda and looks at sector 1 of 
    the same hard drive for core.img. core.img is at this location and looks 
    in partition 1 for ??.
 => Grub2 (v1.99) is installed in the MBR of /dev/sdb and looks at sector 1 of 
    the same hard drive for core.img. core.img is at this location and looks 
    for ?? on this drive.

sda1: __________________________________________________________________________

    File system:       ext4
    Boot sector type:  -
    Boot sector info:  
    Operating System:  
    Boot files:        

sda2: __________________________________________________________________________

    File system:       ext4
    Boot sector type:  -
    Boot sector info:  
    Operating System:  
    Boot files:        

sda3: __________________________________________________________________________

    File system:       ext4
    Boot sector type:  -
    Boot sector info:  
    Operating System:  
    Boot files:        

sda4: __________________________________________________________________________

    File system:       swap
    Boot sector type:  -
    Boot sector info:  

sdb1: __________________________________________________________________________

    File system:       ext4
    Boot sector type:  -
    Boot sector info:  
    Operating System:  Ubuntu 11.10
    Boot files:        /boot/grub/grub.cfg /etc/fstab /boot/grub/core.img

============================ Drive/Partition Info: =============================

Drive: sda _____________________________________________________________________

Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Partition  Boot  Start Sector    End Sector  # of Sectors  Id System

/dev/sda1         948,477,600   968,944,409    20,466,810  83 Linux
/dev/sda2                  63   938,179,934   938,179,872  83 Linux
/dev/sda3         938,179,935   948,477,599    10,297,665  83 Linux
/dev/sda4         968,960,000   976,771,071     7,811,072  82 Linux swap / Solaris


Drive: sdb _____________________________________________________________________

Disk /dev/sdb: 60.0 GB, 60022480896 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 7297 cylinders, total 117231408 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes

Partition  Boot  Start Sector    End Sector  # of Sectors  Id System

/dev/sdb1               2,048   117,229,567   117,227,520  83 Linux


"blkid" output: ________________________________________________________________

Device           UUID                                   TYPE       LABEL

/dev/loop0                                              squashfs   
/dev/sda1        4ebe846f-5fcb-45e8-bad7-2e28d223b183   ext4       HP-var
/dev/sda2        78baabf7-d7a6-420d-a992-d4bebb83e2ed   ext4       HP-User
/dev/sda3        ce4aaf1a-3841-4bac-8fa3-31bda839a579   ext4       HP-tmp
/dev/sda4        87439ac8-0044-4a54-8b2d-7cefc644b2a6   swap       
/dev/sdb1        0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d   ext4       SSD

================================ Mount points: =================================

Device           Mount_Point              Type       Options

/dev/loop0       /rofs                    squashfs   (ro,noatime)
/dev/sr0         /cdrom                   iso9660    (ro,noatime)


=========================== sdb1/boot/grub/grub.cfg: ===========================

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#
# DO NOT EDIT THIS FILE
#
# It is automatically generated by grub-mkconfig using templates
# from /etc/grub.d and settings from /etc/default/grub
#

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/00_header ###
if [ -s $prefix/grubenv ]; then
  set have_grubenv=true
  load_env
fi
set default="0"
if [ "${prev_saved_entry}" ]; then
  set saved_entry="${prev_saved_entry}"
  save_env saved_entry
  set prev_saved_entry=
  save_env prev_saved_entry
  set boot_once=true
fi

function savedefault {
  if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then
    saved_entry="${chosen}"
    save_env saved_entry
  fi
}

function recordfail {
  set recordfail=1
  if [ -n "${have_grubenv}" ]; then if [ -z "${boot_once}" ]; then save_env recordfail; fi; fi
}

function load_video {
  insmod vbe
  insmod vga
  insmod video_bochs
  insmod video_cirrus
}

insmod part_msdos
insmod ext2
set root='(hd1,msdos1)'
search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d
if loadfont /usr/share/grub/unicode.pf2 ; then
  set gfxmode=auto
  load_video
  insmod gfxterm
  insmod part_msdos
  insmod ext2
  set root='(hd1,msdos1)'
  search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d
  set locale_dir=($root)/boot/grub/locale
  set lang=de_DE
  insmod gettext
fi
terminal_output gfxterm
if [ "${recordfail}" = 1 ]; then
  set timeout=-1
else
  set timeout=10
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/00_header ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###
set menu_color_normal=white/black
set menu_color_highlight=black/light-gray
if background_color 0,71,115; then
  clear
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/05_debian_theme ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###
if [ ${recordfail} != 1 ]; then
  if [ -e ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt ]; then
    if hwmatch ${prefix}/gfxblacklist.txt 3; then
      if [ ${match} = 0 ]; then
        set linux_gfx_mode=keep
      else
        set linux_gfx_mode=text
      fi
    else
      set linux_gfx_mode=text
    fi
  else
    set linux_gfx_mode=keep
  fi
else
  set linux_gfx_mode=text
fi
export linux_gfx_mode
if [ "$linux_gfx_mode" != "text" ]; then load_video; fi
menuentry 'Ubuntu, mit Linux 3.0.0-16-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
    recordfail
    set gfxpayload=$linux_gfx_mode
    insmod gzio
    insmod part_msdos
    insmod ext2
    set root='(hd1,msdos1)'
    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d
    linux   /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.0-16-generic root=UUID=0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d ro   quiet splash vt.handoff=7
    initrd  /boot/initrd.img-3.0.0-16-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, mit Linux 3.0.0-16-generic (Wiederherstellungsmodus)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
    recordfail
    insmod gzio
    insmod part_msdos
    insmod ext2
    set root='(hd1,msdos1)'
    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d
    echo    'Linux 3.0.0-16-generic wird geladen …'
    linux   /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.0-16-generic root=UUID=0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d ro recovery nomodeset 
    echo    'Initiale Ramdisk wird geladen …'
    initrd  /boot/initrd.img-3.0.0-16-generic
}
submenu "Previous Linux versions" {
menuentry 'Ubuntu, mit Linux 3.0.0-15-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
    recordfail
    set gfxpayload=$linux_gfx_mode
    insmod gzio
    insmod part_msdos
    insmod ext2
    set root='(hd1,msdos1)'
    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d
    linux   /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.0-15-generic root=UUID=0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d ro   quiet splash vt.handoff=7
    initrd  /boot/initrd.img-3.0.0-15-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, mit Linux 3.0.0-15-generic (Wiederherstellungsmodus)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
    recordfail
    insmod gzio
    insmod part_msdos
    insmod ext2
    set root='(hd1,msdos1)'
    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d
    echo    'Linux 3.0.0-15-generic wird geladen …'
    linux   /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.0-15-generic root=UUID=0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d ro recovery nomodeset 
    echo    'Initiale Ramdisk wird geladen …'
    initrd  /boot/initrd.img-3.0.0-15-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, mit Linux 3.0.0-14-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
    recordfail
    set gfxpayload=$linux_gfx_mode
    insmod gzio
    insmod part_msdos
    insmod ext2
    set root='(hd1,msdos1)'
    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d
    linux   /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.0-14-generic root=UUID=0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d ro   quiet splash vt.handoff=7
    initrd  /boot/initrd.img-3.0.0-14-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, mit Linux 3.0.0-14-generic (Wiederherstellungsmodus)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
    recordfail
    insmod gzio
    insmod part_msdos
    insmod ext2
    set root='(hd1,msdos1)'
    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d
    echo    'Linux 3.0.0-14-generic wird geladen …'
    linux   /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.0-14-generic root=UUID=0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d ro recovery nomodeset 
    echo    'Initiale Ramdisk wird geladen …'
    initrd  /boot/initrd.img-3.0.0-14-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, mit Linux 3.0.0-13-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
    recordfail
    set gfxpayload=$linux_gfx_mode
    insmod gzio
    insmod part_msdos
    insmod ext2
    set root='(hd1,msdos1)'
    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d
    linux   /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.0-13-generic root=UUID=0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d ro   quiet splash vt.handoff=7
    initrd  /boot/initrd.img-3.0.0-13-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, mit Linux 3.0.0-13-generic (Wiederherstellungsmodus)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
    recordfail
    insmod gzio
    insmod part_msdos
    insmod ext2
    set root='(hd1,msdos1)'
    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d
    echo    'Linux 3.0.0-13-generic wird geladen …'
    linux   /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.0-13-generic root=UUID=0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d ro recovery nomodeset 
    echo    'Initiale Ramdisk wird geladen …'
    initrd  /boot/initrd.img-3.0.0-13-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, mit Linux 3.0.0-12-generic' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
    recordfail
    set gfxpayload=$linux_gfx_mode
    insmod gzio
    insmod part_msdos
    insmod ext2
    set root='(hd1,msdos1)'
    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d
    linux   /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.0-12-generic root=UUID=0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d ro   quiet splash vt.handoff=7
    initrd  /boot/initrd.img-3.0.0-12-generic
}
menuentry 'Ubuntu, mit Linux 3.0.0-12-generic (Wiederherstellungsmodus)' --class ubuntu --class gnu-linux --class gnu --class os {
    recordfail
    insmod gzio
    insmod part_msdos
    insmod ext2
    set root='(hd1,msdos1)'
    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d
    echo    'Linux 3.0.0-12-generic wird geladen …'
    linux   /boot/vmlinuz-3.0.0-12-generic root=UUID=0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d ro recovery nomodeset 
    echo    'Initiale Ramdisk wird geladen …'
    initrd  /boot/initrd.img-3.0.0-12-generic
}
}
### END /etc/grub.d/10_linux ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###
### END /etc/grub.d/20_linux_xen ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ###
menuentry "Memory test (memtest86+)" {
    insmod part_msdos
    insmod ext2
    set root='(hd1,msdos1)'
    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d
    linux16 /boot/memtest86+.bin
}
menuentry "Memory test (memtest86+, serial console 115200)" {
    insmod part_msdos
    insmod ext2
    set root='(hd1,msdos1)'
    search --no-floppy --fs-uuid --set=root 0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d
    linux16 /boot/memtest86+.bin console=ttyS0,115200n8
}
### END /etc/grub.d/20_memtest86+ ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###
if [ "x${timeout}" != "x-1" ]; then
  if keystatus; then
    if keystatus --shift; then
      set timeout=-1
    else
      set timeout=0
    fi
  else
    if sleep --interruptible 3 ; then
      set timeout=0
    fi
  fi
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/30_os-prober ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###
# This file provides an easy way to add custom menu entries.  Simply type the
# menu entries you want to add after this comment.  Be careful not to change
# the 'exec tail' line above.
### END /etc/grub.d/40_custom ###

### BEGIN /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###
if [ -f  $prefix/custom.cfg ]; then
  source $prefix/custom.cfg;
fi
### END /etc/grub.d/41_custom ###
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

=============================== sdb1/etc/fstab: ================================

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# /etc/fstab: static file system information.
#
# Use 'blkid -o value -s UUID' to print the universally unique identifier
# for a device; this may be used with UUID= as a more robust way to name
# devices that works even if disks are added and removed. See fstab(5).
#
# <file system> <mount point>   <type>  <options>       <dump>  <pass>
proc            /proc           proc    nodev,noexec,nosuid 0       0
UUID=0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d /               ext4    discard,errors=remount-ro 0       1
UUID=ce4aaf1a-3841-4bac-8fa3-31bda839a579 /tmp            ext4    defaults        0       2
UUID=78baabf7-d7a6-420d-a992-d4bebb83e2ed /home           ext4    defaults        0       2
UUID=4ebe846f-5fcb-45e8-bad7-2e28d223b183 /var            ext4    defaults        0       2
UUID=87439ac8-0044-4a54-8b2d-7cefc644b2a6 none            swap    sw              0       0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

=================== sdb1: Location of files loaded by Grub: ====================

           GiB - GB             File                                 Fragment(s)

  16.268638611 = 17.468317696   boot/grub/core.img                             1
  16.268650055 = 17.468329984   boot/grub/grub.cfg                             1
   1.716423035 = 1.842995200    boot/initrd.img-3.0.0-12-generic               2
   2.290039062 = 2.458910720    boot/initrd.img-3.0.0-13-generic               2
   2.631473541 = 2.825523200    boot/initrd.img-3.0.0-14-generic               2
  29.821289062 = 32.020365312   boot/initrd.img-3.0.0-15-generic               2
  21.446289062 = 23.027777536   boot/initrd.img-3.0.0-16-generic               2
  14.587322235 = 15.663017984   boot/vmlinuz-3.0.0-12-generic                  1
   0.161544800 = 0.173457408    boot/vmlinuz-3.0.0-13-generic                  1
   1.880294800 = 2.018951168    boot/vmlinuz-3.0.0-14-generic                  2
   3.247486115 = 3.486961664    boot/vmlinuz-3.0.0-15-generic                  3
   2.349048615 = 2.522271744    boot/vmlinuz-3.0.0-16-generic                  1
   2.349048615 = 2.522271744    vmlinuz                                        1
   3.247486115 = 3.486961664    vmlinuz.old                                    3

========= Devices which don't seem to have a corresponding hard drive: =========

sdc sdd sde sdf 

=============================== StdErr Messages: ===============================

To be able to see for which directory Grub2 (v1.99) looks for, install "unlzma".
To be able to see for which directory Grub2 (v1.99) looks for, install "unlzma".

    

Answer 1

Você tem o GRUB listado duas vezes. Uma vez em sda e novamente em sdb. Isso não funciona bem. Qualquer que seja a direção que você priorize no BIOS, é necessário ter o GRUB nessa unidade.

Se você sudo fdisk -l encontrará a partição Boot "*****" que o GRUB está usando. O UUID=0d6e6bb9-ec95-4563-b74e-323aeb51a63d tem problemas de fragmentação e precisa de limpeza.

Se fosse eu, eu gostaria de repensar o formato de onde eu estava indo com a instalação e começar de novo.

Como você tem partições separadas e /home mora no disco rígido, eu priorizo o BIOS para inicializar a partir do SSD e instalar o sistema operacional lá. Inclua a partição SWAP.

Use o HDD para /home /var e /tmp e deixe o SO cuidar do resto.