Quais são as dimensões para os espaçadores e parafusos usados para montar uma placa-mãe ATX no gabinete do computador?
Depende.
De acordo com o padrão ATX 2.1 :
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O espaçamento fornecido deve ser no mínimo de 6,5 mm e a seção transversal externa deve caber dentro de uma área de 10 mm x 10 mm ao redor do furo do espaçador.
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Os parafusos de montagem devem (obviamente) coincidir com os poços do parafuso de suporte (geralmente 6/32 ou tamanho de rosca M3).
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o comprimento pode ser o que você quiser, desde que os componentes caibam no seu caso. Um impasse mais longo permite que os cabos sejam executados sob a placa-mãe e também pode melhorar o fluxo de ar.
According to the ATX 2.1 standard, the standoff provided has to be a minimum of 6.5mm and the external cross section has to fit within a 10mm x 10mm area around the standoff hole.
There's a lot of variation (as you've discovered) to how various manufacturers meet those specs, but as long as the mounting screws match the standoff screw wells (usually 6/32 or M3 thread size) it doesn't really matter what the external width is as long as it's within the 10mm x 10mm max size requirement.
Source Dimensões do impasse da placa-mãe
From experience over many years, they are all standard threads and size, but not length, that varies by case manufacturer.
Generally a computer case will come with 9 standoffs to meet ATX standards, unless the case is smaller. The majority of ATX motherboards will use 6, smaller boards even less. More expensive 'wider' ATX boards will use all 9, which is nice when they are right next to the main I/O for the disk drives.
There are many cases available that use zero or only some standoffs and use threaded and stamped raised sheet metal for the stand offs.
Fonte Tamanhos de compensadores da placa-mãe
You can buy a standoff anywhere between 4mm to 10mm in length as far as I know. I have standoffs measuring 4mm, 6mm, 7mm and 8mm.
Personally I like a larger standoff to allow cable routing behind the motherboard. Thin cables obviously. It also allows a better airflow behind the motherboard in my opinion.