LTSP tem como alvo clientes thin (isso pode significar diskless, inicialização de rede e outras funcionalidades que você pode não estar procurando).
Aparentemente, você está apenas procurando por perfis de roaming.
Acabei de descobrir o csync . Na página inicial:
...csync is a client only bidirectional file synchronizer. You can use csync for different things. The intention is to provide Roaming Home Directories for Linux...
Inclui um módulo PAM para suportar autenticação:
pam_csync is a PAM module to provide roaming home directories for a user session. This module is aimed at environments with central file servers where a user wishes to store his home directory. The Authentication Module verifies the identity of a user and triggers a synchronization with the server on the first login and the last logout.
Como funciona (a partir da página do usuário):
csync is a lightweight utility to synchronize files between two directories on a system or between multiple systems. It synchronizes bidirectionally and allows the user to keep two copies of files and directories in sync. csync uses widely adopted protocols, such as smb or sftp, so that there is no need for a server component. It is a user-level program which means you don’t need to be a superuser or administrator. Together with a Pluggable Authentication Module (PAM), the intent is to provide Roaming Home Directories for Linux (see The PAM Module).