Você poderia fazer assim:
# loop over files that start with 3 digits
# the shell will naturally order them, the last will be the max
for last in [0-9][0-9][0-9]*; do :; done
# strip the first space and everything after it
num=${last%% *}
# get the next number
((next = num + 1))
# pad with zeros
printf "%03d" $next