Parece que você está procurando globstar . Diga:
shopt -s globstar
e diga:
du -h ~/storage/Apps/**/trunk/test/*.cpp # note ** after Apps
Citando o manual :
*Matches any string, including the null string. When the globstar shell option is enabled, and
‘*’is used in a filename expansion context, two adjacent‘*’s used as a single pattern will match all files and zero or more directories and subdirectories. If followed by a‘/’, two adjacent‘*’s will match only directories and subdirectories.