fdisk pode listar os tipos de partição. No meu sistema eu recebo:
$ sudo fdisk -l /dev/sda
Disk /dev/sda: 500.1 GB, 500107862016 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 60801 cylinders, total 976773168 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x4b66b5d5
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sda1 63 80324 40131 de Dell Utility
/dev/sda2 * 81920 30801919 15360000 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda3 30801920 194643539 81920810 7 HPFS/NTFS/exFAT
/dev/sda4 194643601 976773119 391064759+ f W95 Ext'd (LBA)
/dev/sda5 194643603 198836504 2096451 c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
/dev/sda6 342951936 960387071 308717568 83 Linux
/dev/sda7 198840320 342949887 72054784 83 Linux
/dev/sda8 960389120 976773119 8192000 82 Linux swap / Solaris