Em Powershell Get-WindowsFeature é o que você quer. A filtragem padrão de piplina pode ser aplicada para obter apenas recursos que não estão instalados ou com um determinado nome, etc.
PS C:\Windows\system32> Get-WindowsFeature
Display Name Name
------------ ----
[ ] Active Directory Certificate Services AD-Certificate
[ ] Certification Authority ADCS-Cert-Authority
[ ] Certification Authority Web Enrollment ADCS-Web-Enrollment
[ ] Online Responder ADCS-Online-Cert
[ ] Network Device Enrollment Service ADCS-Device-Enrollment
[ ] Certificate Enrollment Web Service ADCS-Enroll-Web-Svc
[ ] Certificate Enrollment Policy Web Service ADCS-Enroll-Web-Pol
[ ] Active Directory Domain Services AD-Domain-Services
[ ] Active Directory Domain Controller ADDS-Domain-Controller
[ ] Identity Management for UNIX ADDS-Identity-Mgmt
[ ] Server for Network Information Services ADDS-NIS
[ ] Password Synchronization ADDS-Password-Sync
[ ] Administration Tools ADDS-IDMU-Tools
[ ] Active Directory Federation Services AD-Federation-Services
[ ] Federation Service ADFS-Federation
[ ] Federation Service Proxy ADFS-Proxy
[ ] AD FS Web Agents ADFS-Web-Agents
[ ] Claims-aware Agent ADFS-Claims
[ ] Windows Token-based Agent ADFS-Windows-Token
[ ] Active Directory Lightweight Directory Services ADLDS
[ ] Active Directory Rights Management Services ADRMS
[ ] Active Directory Rights Management Server ADRMS-Server
[ ] Identity Federation Support ADRMS-Identity
[ ] Application Server Application-Server
[ ] .NET Framework 3.5.1 AS-NET-Framework
[ ] Web Server (IIS) Support AS-Web-Support
[ ] COM+ Network Access AS-Ent-Services
[ ] TCP Port Sharing AS-TCP-Port-Sharing
[ ] Windows Process Activation Service Support AS-WAS-Support
[ ] HTTP Activation AS-HTTP-Activation
[ ] Message Queuing Activation AS-MSMQ-Activation
[ ] TCP Activation AS-TCP-Activation
[ ] Named Pipes Activation AS-Named-Pipes
[ ] Distributed Transactions AS-Dist-Transaction
[ ] Incoming Remote Transactions AS-Incoming-Trans
[ ] Outgoing Remote Transactions AS-Outgoing-Trans
[ ] WS-Atomic Transactions AS-WS-Atomic
[ ] DHCP Server DHCP
[ ] DNS Server DNS
[ ] Fax Server Fax
[ ] File Services File-Services
[ ] File Server FS-FileServer
[ ] Distributed File System FS-DFS
[ ] DFS Namespaces FS-DFS-Namespace
[ ] DFS Replication FS-DFS-Replication
[ ] File Server Resource Manager FS-Resource-Manager
[ ] Services for Network File System FS-NFS-Services
[ ] Windows Search Service FS-Search-Service
[ ] Windows Server 2003 File Services FS-Win2003-Services
[ ] Indexing Service FS-Indexing-Service
[ ] BranchCache for network files FS-BranchCache
[ ] Hyper-V Hyper-V
[ ] Network Policy and Access Services NPAS
[ ] Network Policy Server NPAS-Policy-Server
[ ] Routing and Remote Access Services NPAS-RRAS-Services
[ ] Remote Access Service NPAS-RRAS
[ ] Routing NPAS-Routing
[ ] Health Registration Authority NPAS-Health
[ ] Host Credential Authorization Protocol NPAS-Host-Cred
[X] Print and Document Services Print-Services
[X] Print Server Print-Server
[ ] LPD Service Print-LPD-Service
[ ] Internet Printing Print-Internet
[ ] Distributed Scan Server Print-Scan-Server
[X] Remote Desktop Services Remote-Desktop-Services
[X] Remote Desktop Session Host RDS-RD-Server
[ ] Remote Desktop Virtualization Host RDS-Virtualization
[ ] Core Services RDS-Virtualization-Core
[ ] RemoteFX RDS-RemoteFX
[ ] Remote Desktop Licensing RDS-Licensing
[ ] Remote Desktop Connection Broker RDS-Connection-Broker
[ ] Remote Desktop Gateway RDS-Gateway
[ ] Remote Desktop Web Access RDS-Web-Access
[ ] Web Server (IIS) Web-Server
[ ] Web Server Web-WebServer
[ ] Common HTTP Features Web-Common-Http
[ ] Static Content Web-Static-Content
[ ] Default Document Web-Default-Doc
[ ] Directory Browsing Web-Dir-Browsing
[ ] HTTP Errors Web-Http-Errors
[ ] HTTP Redirection Web-Http-Redirect
[ ] WebDAV Publishing Web-DAV-Publishing
[ ] Application Development Web-App-Dev
[ ] ASP.NET Web-Asp-Net
[ ] .NET Extensibility Web-Net-Ext
[ ] ASP Web-ASP
[ ] CGI Web-CGI
[ ] ISAPI Extensions Web-ISAPI-Ext
[ ] ISAPI Filters Web-ISAPI-Filter
[ ] Server Side Includes Web-Includes
[ ] Health and Diagnostics Web-Health
[ ] HTTP Logging Web-Http-Logging
[ ] Logging Tools Web-Log-Libraries
[ ] Request Monitor Web-Request-Monitor
[ ] Tracing Web-Http-Tracing
[ ] Custom Logging Web-Custom-Logging
[ ] ODBC Logging Web-ODBC-Logging
[ ] Security Web-Security
[ ] Basic Authentication Web-Basic-Auth
[ ] Windows Authentication Web-Windows-Auth
[ ] Digest Authentication Web-Digest-Auth
[ ] Client Certificate Mapping Authentic... Web-Client-Auth
[ ] IIS Client Certificate Mapping Authe... Web-Cert-Auth
[ ] URL Authorization Web-Url-Auth
[ ] Request Filtering Web-Filtering
[ ] IP and Domain Restrictions Web-IP-Security
[ ] Performance Web-Performance
[ ] Static Content Compression Web-Stat-Compression
[ ] Dynamic Content Compression Web-Dyn-Compression
[ ] Management Tools Web-Mgmt-Tools
[ ] IIS Management Console Web-Mgmt-Console
[ ] IIS Management Scripts and Tools Web-Scripting-Tools
[ ] Management Service Web-Mgmt-Service
[ ] IIS 6 Management Compatibility Web-Mgmt-Compat
[ ] IIS 6 Metabase Compatibility Web-Metabase
[ ] IIS 6 WMI Compatibility Web-WMI
[ ] IIS 6 Scripting Tools Web-Lgcy-Scripting
[ ] IIS 6 Management Console Web-Lgcy-Mgmt-Console
[ ] FTP Server Web-Ftp-Server
[ ] FTP Service Web-Ftp-Service
[ ] FTP Extensibility Web-Ftp-Ext
[ ] IIS Hostable Web Core Web-WHC
[ ] Windows Deployment Services WDS
[ ] Deployment Server WDS-Deployment
[ ] Transport Server WDS-Transport
[ ] Windows Server Update Services OOB-WSUS
[X] .NET Framework 3.5.1 Features NET-Framework
[X] .NET Framework 3.5.1 NET-Framework-Core
[ ] WCF Activation NET-Win-CFAC
[ ] HTTP Activation NET-HTTP-Activation
[ ] Non-HTTP Activation NET-Non-HTTP-Activ
[ ] Background Intelligent Transfer Service (BITS) BITS
[ ] Compact Server BITS-Compact-Server
[ ] IIS Server Extension BITS-IIS-Ext
[ ] BitLocker Drive Encryption BitLocker
[ ] BranchCache BranchCache
[ ] Connection Manager Administration Kit CMAK
[X] Desktop Experience Desktop-Experience
[ ] DirectAccess Management Console DAMC
[ ] Failover Clustering Failover-Clustering
[ ] Group Policy Management GPMC
[X] Ink and Handwriting Services Ink-Handwriting
[X] Ink Support IH-Ink-Support
[ ] Handwriting Recognition IH-Handwriting
[ ] Internet Printing Client Internet-Print-Client
[ ] Internet Storage Name Server ISNS
[ ] LPR Port Monitor LPR-Port-Monitor
[ ] Message Queuing MSMQ
[ ] Message Queuing Services MSMQ-Services
[ ] Message Queuing Server MSMQ-Server
[ ] Directory Service Integration MSMQ-Directory
[ ] Message Queuing Triggers MSMQ-Triggers
[ ] HTTP Support MSMQ-HTTP-Support
[ ] Multicasting Support MSMQ-Multicasting
[ ] Routing Service MSMQ-Routing
[ ] Message Queuing DCOM Proxy MSMQ-DCOM
[ ] Multipath I/O Multipath-IO
[ ] Network Load Balancing NLB
[ ] Peer Name Resolution Protocol PNRP
[ ] Quality Windows Audio Video Experience qWave
[ ] Remote Assistance Remote-Assistance
[ ] Remote Differential Compression RDC
[X] Remote Server Administration Tools RSAT
[X] Role Administration Tools RSAT-Role-Tools
[ ] Active Directory Certificate Services Tools RSAT-ADCS
[ ] Certification Authority Tools RSAT-ADCS-Mgmt
[ ] Online Responder Tools RSAT-Online-Responder
[ ] AD DS and AD LDS Tools RSAT-AD-Tools
[ ] AD DS Tools RSAT-ADDS
[ ] AD DS Snap-Ins and Command-Line ... RSAT-ADDS-Tools
[ ] Active Directory Administrative ... RSAT-AD-AdminCenter
[ ] Server for NIS Tools RSAT-SNIS
[ ] AD LDS Snap-Ins and Command-Line Tools RSAT-ADLDS
[ ] Active Directory module for Windows ... RSAT-AD-PowerShell
[ ] Active Directory Rights Management Servi... RSAT-RMS
[ ] DHCP Server Tools RSAT-DHCP
[ ] DNS Server Tools RSAT-DNS-Server
[ ] Fax Server Tools RSAT-Fax
[X] File Services Tools RSAT-File-Services
[X] Distributed File System Tools RSAT-DFS-Mgmt-Con
[ ] File Server Resource Manager Tools RSAT-FSRM-Mgmt
[ ] Services for Network File System Tools RSAT-NFS-Admin
[ ] Hyper-V Tools RSAT-Hyper-V
[ ] Network Policy and Access Services Tools RSAT-NPAS
[X] Print and Document Services Tools RSAT-Print-Services
[X] Remote Desktop Services Tools RSAT-RDS
[X] Remote Desktop Session Host Tools RSAT-RDS-RemoteApp
[ ] Remote Desktop Gateway Tools RSAT-RDS-Gateway
[ ] Remote Desktop Licensing Tools RSAT-RDS-Licensing
[ ] Remote Desktop Connection Broker Tools RSAT-RDS-Conn-Broker
[ ] Web Server (IIS) Tools RSAT-Web-Server
[ ] Windows Deployment Services Tools RSAT-WDS
[ ] Feature Administration Tools RSAT-Feature-Tools
[ ] BitLocker Drive Encryption Administratio... RSAT-BitLocker
[ ] BitLocker Drive Encryption Tools RSAT-Bitlocker-DriveEnc
[ ] BitLocker Recovery Password Viewer RSAT-Bitlocker-RecPwd
[ ] BITS Server Extensions Tools RSAT-Bits-Server
[ ] Failover Clustering Tools RSAT-Clustering
[ ] Network Load Balancing Tools RSAT-NLB
[ ] SMTP Server Tools RSAT-SMTP
[ ] WINS Server Tools RSAT-WINS
[ ] RPC over HTTP Proxy RPC-over-HTTP-Proxy
[ ] Simple TCP/IP Services Simple-TCPIP
[ ] SMTP Server SMTP-Server
[ ] SNMP Services SNMP-Services
[ ] SNMP Service SNMP-Service
[ ] SNMP WMI Provider SNMP-WMI-Provider
[ ] Storage Manager for SANs Storage-Mgr-SANS
[ ] Subsystem for UNIX-based Applications Subsystem-UNIX-Apps
[X] Telnet Client Telnet-Client
[ ] Telnet Server Telnet-Server
[ ] TFTP Client TFTP-Client
[ ] Windows Biometric Framework Biometric-Framework
[ ] Windows Internal Database Windows-Internal-DB
[ ] Windows PowerShell Integrated Scripting Environm... PowerShell-ISE
[ ] Windows Process Activation Service WAS
[ ] Process Model WAS-Process-Model
[ ] .NET Environment WAS-NET-Environment
[ ] Configuration APIs WAS-Config-APIs
[X] Windows Server Backup Features Backup-Features
[X] Windows Server Backup Backup
[X] Command-line Tools Backup-Tools
[ ] Windows Server Migration Tools Migration
[ ] Windows System Resource Manager WSRM
[ ] Windows TIFF IFilter TIFF-IFilter
[ ] WinRM IIS Extension WinRM-IIS-Ext
[ ] WINS Server WINS-Server
[ ] Wireless LAN Service Wireless-Networking
[ ] XPS Viewer XPS-Viewer