Então acontece que o espaço estava lá, mas não estava aparecendo no gparted.
Para qualquer usuário futuro, aqui está a série de comandos que usei para utilizar o espaço extra.
~ $ parted
GNU Parted 3.2
Using /dev/sda
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) print devices
/dev/sda (128GB)
/dev/sdb (8097MB)
(parted) select /dev/sdb
Using /dev/sdb
(parted) print
Model: hp v195b (scsi)
Disk /dev/sdb: 8097MB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/512B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags
1 32.8kB 2967MB 2967MB primary boot, hidden
2 2967MB 3077MB 110MB primary fat16
(parted) mkpart primary 3077 7500
(parted) quit
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
Para confirmar:
~ $ fdisk -l
...
Disk /dev/sdb: 7.6 GiB, 8097103872 bytes, 15814656 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x77e6cfe3
Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type
/dev/sdb1 * 64 5794271 5794208 2.8G 17 Hidden HPFS/NTFS
/dev/sdb2 5794272 6009311 215040 105M 1 FAT12
/dev/sdb3 6009312 14648437 8639126 4.1G 83 Linux