Como solucionar problemas de causa de erros do sistema de arquivos somente leitura

Question

Estou executando o Xubuntu em um SSD Samsung EVO 250GB relativamente novo. Recentemente, meu sistema de arquivos raiz entrou no modo somente leitura e preciso de ajuda para solucioná-lo.

Estes são todos os erros (e muitos mais, basicamente nada que precise gravar no sistema de arquivos funciona)

mktemp: failed to create file via template ‘/tmp/david/virtualenvwrapper-initialize-hook-XXXXXXXXXX’: Read-only file system
touch: cannot touch ‘’: No such file or directory
ERROR: virtualenvwrapper could not create a temporary file name.
zsh: locking failed for /home/david/.zhistory: read-only file system: reading anyway

Aqui estão alguns logs do dmesg:

[264394.925883] EXT4-fs error (device sda7): ext4_mb_free_metadata:4588: group 100, block 3305968:Block already on to-be-freed list
[264394.925952] EXT4-fs error (device sda7) in ext4_free_blocks:4879: Journal has aborted
[264394.925958] EXT4-fs error (device sda7) in ext4_reserve_inode_write:4752: Journal has aborted
[264394.926012] EXT4-fs error (device sda7): ext4_journal_check_start:56: Detected aborted journal
[264394.926061] EXT4-fs error (device sda7) in ext4_reserve_inode_write:4752: Journal has aborted
[264394.926104] EXT4-fs error (device sda7) in ext4_reserve_inode_write:4752: Journal has aborted
[264394.926146] EXT4-fs error (device sda7): ext4_journal_check_start:56: Detected aborted journal
[264394.926154] EXT4-fs error (device sda7) in ext4_ext_remove_space:3048: Journal has aborted
[264394.926201] EXT4-fs error (device sda7) in ext4_ext_truncate:4669: Journal has aborted
[264394.926251] EXT4-fs error (device sda7) in ext4_reserve_inode_write:4752: Journal has aborted
[264394.926292] EXT4-fs error (device sda7) in ext4_truncate:3648: Journal has aborted
[264394.926335] EXT4-fs error (device sda7) in ext4_reserve_inode_write:4752: Journal has aborted
[264483.167154] EXT4-fs error (device sda7): ext4_remount:4888: Abort forced by user

Normalmente, posso resolver o problema reiniciando algumas vezes.

Eu preciso de uma das duas coisas:

• Prove que o SSD está com defeito, para que eu possa devolvê-lo.
• Encontre o problema.

Além disso, também faço boot do windows 10 no SSD, se isso for relevante.